CA1 - DEVPSYCH 3 (LEARNING THEORIES)

Session 3 - Learning Theories

(3) Behaviorism Precursors

• E.L. Thorndike

• John Watson

• B.F. Skinner

E.L. Thorndike

BEHAVIORISM PRECURSORS

the proponent of the concepts of rewards (satisfiers) and punishments (annoyers)

John Watson

BEHAVIORISM PRECURSORS

this proponent stated that human behavior can be studied objectively; made experiments to prove Thorndike’s theory

B.F. Skinner

BEHAVIORISM PRECURSORS

this proponent insisted that human behavior should be studied scientifically

(2) Kinds of Conditioning

• Classical

• Operant

Classical Conditioning

KINDS OF CONDITIONING

a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus a number of times until it is capable of bringing about a previously unconditioned response

Operant Conditioning

KINDS OF CONDITIONING

involves concepts such as:

• shaping

• reinforcement

• punishment

Shaping

OPERANT CONDITIONING

procedure in which the experimenter first rewards gross approximations of the behavior, then close approximations, and then finally, the desired behavior itself; gradually shapes the final complex set of behaviors

Reinforcement

OPERANT CONDITIONING

strengthens the behavior and rewards the person

Positive Reinforcement

something pleasant is added to reinforce the behavior

Negative Reinforcement

something unpleasant is removed to reinforce the behavior

Punishment

OPERANT CONDITIONING

does not strengthen a response, although it does not weaken it because its effect is less predictable; no accuracy is possible

(4) Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed-ratio

• Variable-ratio

• Fixed-interval

• Variable-interval

Fixed-ratio

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

reinforced every after nth response

Variable-ratio

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

reinforced after the nth response on the average

Fixed-interval

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

reinforced after a designation period of time

Variable-interval

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

reinforced after the lapse of random or varied periods of time

Albert Bandura

stated we can learn through observation; vicarious learning; proponent of Social Cognitive Theory

Observational Learning

observation allows people to learn without performing any behavior

Modeling

adding and subtracting from the observed behavior

Chance Encounter

unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other

Fortuitous Event

environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended

Self-Efficacy

people’s beliefs in their capability to exercise some measure of control over their own functioning and over environmental events

(4) Sources of Self-efficacy

• Mastery Experiences

• Social Modeling

• Social Persuasion

• Physical and emotional states

Mastery Experiences

SOURCE OF SELF-EFFICACY

past performances

Social Modeling

SOURCE OF SELF-EFFICACY

vicarious experiences provided by other people

Social Persuasion

SOURCE OF SELF-EFFICACY

persuasion from others

Physical and Emotional States

SOURCE OF SELF-EFFICACY

people’s physiological and emotional states

Lawrence Kohlberg

stated that the basis of moral behavior is justice and fairness; gave morally ambiguous situations to determine stages of development; Heinz Dilemma; proponent of Moral Development Theory

(6) Stages of Moral Development

• Level 1: Preconventional Morality (2 to 10 years old)

  • Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

  • Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativist Orientation

• Level 2: Conventional Morality (9 years and older)

  • Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation

  • Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation

• Level 3: Postconventional Morality (12 years and older)

  • Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

  • Stage 6: Principled Conscience-Driven Orientation

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

moral judgements are driven by a need to avoid punishment; under Level 1: Preconventional Morality (2 to 10 years old)

Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativist Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

moral judgements are driven by the desire to meet personal needs; under Level 1: Preconventional Morality (2 to 10 years old)

Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

driven by a need to be accepted by others; under Level 2: Conventional Morality (9 years and older)

Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

driven by a desire to adhere to the law or the authorities; under Level 2: Conventional Morality (9 years and older)

Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

adherence to laws that are set up as social contracts for the common good; under Level 3: Postconventional Morality (12 years and older)

Stage 6: Principled Conscience-Driven Orientation

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

arise from adherence to personal principles; under Level 3: Postconventional Morality (12 years and older)

Carol Gilligan

stated that basis of moral behavior is care and empathy; proponent of Ethics of Care; believes that it is normal for women to have care and empathy which makes them faster to have progress on stages over men

(3) Stages of Ethics of Care

Empathy and the ability to care

• Level 1: Pre-conventional

• Level 2: Conventional

• Level 3: Post Conventional

Level 1: Pre-conventional

STAGES OF ETHICS OF CARE

only the needs of the self are recognized

Level 2: Conventional

STAGES OF ETHICS OF CARE

the needs of other are prioritized, and the needs of the self are denied

Level 3: Post Conventional

STAGES OF ETHICS OF CARE

balance between the needs of the self and the needs of others

Jean Piaget

proponent of Stages of Moral Reasoning

(3) Stages of Moral Reasoning

• Stage 0: Premoral Development (until around 4 years old)

• Stage 1: Heteronomous Stage (4-10 years old)

• Stage 2: Autonomous Stage (around age 10 or 11)

Stage 0: Premoral Development (until around 4 years old)

STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

unaware that rules exist

Stage 1: Heteronomous Stage (4-10 years old)

STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

rules are inviolate and unalterable; egocentric in their use of rules; ignore intentions and focus only on consequences; immanent justice

Stage 2: Autonomous Stage (around age 10 or 11)

STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

rules as human conventions; well-developed notions of fairness and appropriate justice; belief in immanent justice also diminishes