Criminal Justice Final Exam

What is The Criminal Justice Assembly line steps?

investigation, arrest, initial appearance, arraignment, plea bargaining, trial, sentencing, and appeals

Wedding cake Model?

a four-tiered model that shows how cases are handled differently based on their severity, with the bottom layer representing the largest number of minor offenses and the top layer consisting of a few high-profile, celebrated cases. The first layer on the top is celebrated cases which involves famous people and those charges with heinous crimes that capture national attention. Layer 2 are serious felonies such as rapes, burglaries, and robberies. Layer 3 are less serious felonies that are committees by first time or young offenders. Lastly is the 4th layer which is misdemeanors which is disorderly conduct, public drunkenness, minor assault, and shoplifting.

What are the perspectives on Justice?

Crime control, Rehabilitation, Due process, Nonintervention, Equal justice, Restorative Justice.

How is crime defined: consensus, conflict and interactionist views?

Consensus view: The view that great majority of citizens agree that certain behaviors must be outlawed or controlled, and that criminal law is designed to protect citizens from social harm.

Conflict view: The view that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and economic power and is a tool used by the ruling class to control dissatisfied have-not members of society.

Interactionist view; The view that criminal law reflects the presences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the res of the population.

Mass Murders?

Kill many victims in a single violent outburst

Spree killers?

Spread their murderous outburst over a few days or weeks.

Serial Killers?

Kill over a long period of time but typically assume a “normal” identity between murders.

Burglary?

the unlawful entry into a structure with the intent to commit a felony or theft inside, regardless of whether the intended crime is actually carried out.

Robbery?

the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force, threat of force, or violence, or by putting the victim in fear.

White collar crimes?

Non-violent crimes committed for financial gain, often within a business or professional context.

Expressive violence

• violent behavior motivated by strong emotions such as rage, anger or frustration.

Instrumental violence

• violent behavior that is used as a means to an end—typically to improve the offender’s financial or social status (e.g., committing a robbery and using violence to accomplish it).

Uniform part 1 crimes?

Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forceable rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, arson, and motor vehicle theft.

Uniform Part 2 crimes?

All other crimes reported to the FBI, they ate less serious crimes and misdemeanors, excluding traffic violations.

National Crime Victim Survey?

The ongoing victimization study conducted jointly by the Justice Department and the U.S Census Bureau that surveys victims about their experiences with law violation.

Age and Crime/ History of crime rate?

Crime is strongly related to age — it rises sharply during the teen years, peaks in the late teens to early twenties, and then declines as people mature, form families, and take on responsibilities. This pattern is known as the age–crime curve.

U.S. crime rates have gone through major changes: they increased during the 1960s–1990s, dropped sharply from the mid-1990s through the 2010s, and remain much lower today, though some types of violent crime have recently fluctuated.

LEEA?

Legislation for Effective Enforcement Act, aimed at improving law enforcement practices and policies.

Wickersham Commission?

A presidential commission established in 1931 to study the American criminal justice system and recommend reforms.

1st Amendment?

Freedom of religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. It protects the rights to free speech, press, and peaceful assembly.

4th Amendment?

Protects against unreasonable search and seizures.

5th Amendment?

Guarantees the right to due process, prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment?

Ensures the right to a fair trial, including the right to an attorney, an impartial jury, and the ability to confront witnesses.

8th Amendment?

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, ensures fair bail.

14th Amendment?

Grants citizenship and equal protection under the law, prohibits states from denying rights.

Miranda Vs Arizona?

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the requirement for police to inform suspects of their rights to silence and legal counsel during interrogation.

Terry Vs Ohio?

A significant Supreme Court case that upheld the police's ability to stop and search individuals based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, leading to the 'stop and frisk' rule.

Tenn. V Gardener?

A Supreme Court case that established the standard for the use of deadly force by law enforcement in pursuit of fleeing suspects, emphasizing the necessity of an immediate threat.

U.S Vs Weeks?

A landmark Supreme Court case establishing the exclusionary rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in federal court.

Gregg Vs Georgia?

A pivotal Supreme Court case that reaffirmed the constitutionality of the death penalty, ruling that it can be applied fairly and without arbitrary results.

Griffen Vs Wisconsin?

A significant Supreme Court case that upheld the warrantless search of a probationer's home, emphasizing the need for officer safety and effective supervision.

Exclusionary rule?

A legal principle that prohibits the use of evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights, particularly in criminal cases.

Probable Cause?

The standard by which law enforcement has the reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that specific evidence related to a crime exists, justifying searches and arrests.

Warrents?

Legal documents authorizing law enforcement to conduct searches, seizures, or arrests, typically requiring probable cause.

Plain view searches?

A legal doctrine allowing law enforcement to seize evidence without a warrant if it is plainly visible during a lawful observation.

Arrest?

The act of taking a person into custody by legal authority, usually based on probable cause that they have committed a crime.

Cations?

The act of taking a person into custody by law enforcement, typically when there is a belief that an offense has been committed.

Grand Jury?

A group of citizens convened to review evidence and determine whether there is enough cause to formally charge an individual with a crime.

Voir Dire?

The process of jury selection where potential jurors are questioned to determine their suitability for serving on a jury in a trial.

Peremptory Challenges?

Legal tools that allow attorneys to exclude potential jurors from the jury pool without giving a reason, typically limited in number.

Probation Sanctions?

Court-ordered terms allowing offenders to remain in the community under supervision instead of serving time in prison, often including conditions such as regular meetings with a probation officer.

Probation Alternatives?

Various sentencing options that allow offenders to avoid incarceration, such as community service, fines, or rehabilitation programs.

Probation custody levels?

Different levels of supervision under probation, determining the intensity of oversight and restrictions imposed on offenders.

Pennsylvania System?

A prison system developed in Pennsylvania during the nineteenth century based on total isolation and individual penitence.

Auburn System?

Developed in Auburn, New York during the nineteenth century, based on congregate (group) work during the day and seperation at night.

William Penn?

The founder of Pennsylvania and a proponent of the Quaker ideals of peace, equality, and justice. He implemented progressive prison reforms, including the use of solitary confinement.

Prison Industry?

A system that allows for the production of goods and services by inmates, often providing job training and labor to help reduce recidivism.