Deviant Subcultures Online

Time–Space Compression

Technology makes distance and time less important; people interact instantly online.

Expanded Social Networks

Technology increases the size and diversity of people’s social groups.

Online Subcultures

Groups formed online around shared interests, identities, or problems (including deviant ones).

Why Deviant Online Subcultures Form

People seek support, validation, identity, and belonging.

Emotional Support (Online)

Online groups offer understanding, companionship, and a sense of belonging.

Incels

People who see themselves as “involuntary celibates” and blame external forces, often women.

Sexual Market

Belief that women control dating and that attractiveness/wealth determine success.

Women as Evil

Belief that women are manipulative or cruel; hostility is justified.

Legitimizing Masculinity

Idealizing traditional masculinity and strict gender roles.

Male Oppression

Belief that society is biased against men, especially incels.

Violence

Violence toward women is normalized or glorified.

Adler & Adler (Self-Injury Communities)

Found that people join during crises; online communities reduce isolation.

Cyber Colleagues

Isolated “loners” become connected members of an online group.

School Shooter Subculture

Online community of troubled youth who share a fascination with school shootings.

Incel Subculture (O’Malley et al.)

Young men who feel excluded from sex; use “Chad” and “Stacey”; reinforce misogyny.

Online vs. Offline Subcultures

Online anonymity reduces empathy and allows more harmful behaviour.

Echo Chamber

Group where similar ideas repeat and strengthen without challenge.

Normalization of Deviance

Deviant ideas begin to feel normal after repeated exposure in a group.

Research Challenges

Anonymity, misrepresentation, and limited access make online research difficult.

Prevention Strategies

Digital literacy, gender equality education, counter-narratives, and mental health support.