Sports Media Exam 3 - Final

Define Affect Theory and how it relates to sports fandom

The manifestation of emotion is affect; people attempt to maximize positive affect and minimize negative affect

Define Team Identification and how it relates to sports fandom

Individuals identify to avoid isolation, which compensates for the divisions that can surface naturally when we act as individuals. Fans become fans because of their desire to become a part of a group of like-minded others. When they identify with a team, it becomes a part of their identity

Define Participatory culture and how it relates to sports fandom

Fans' interactions with teams can serve to alter the entities that are sports organizations; the fan participates in the experience, and the participation is an agent that can be transformative. Communication with social media has fueled participatory culture, accelerating interaction

Define Eustress and explain how it relates to sports fandom

People desire to be entertained, we watch sports because they are entertaining, pass time, and when the team wins, we feel a bolstered sense of self

Why does Raney suggest are the reasons fans enjoy watching sports

1. Emotion - entertainment, eustress, self-esteem (BIRG/CORF), escape 2. Cognitive - learning 3. Behavioral/Social - Companionship, group affiliation, family, economics

What are BIRGing and CORFing

1. BIRGing - increased self-confidence comes from being associated with a winning team. A byproduct of being aligned with a winning team is the opportunity to bask in the reflected glory of the team's success. 2. CORFing - Cutting off reflected failures - "they played poorly"

What is the team identification-social psychological well-being model

Identifying with a sports team can lead to increased well-being but identity threats can lessen well being (team loses, players do bad things), so fans will use coping mechanisms to maintain that well being. Examples: 1. Biased attribution processing: "The refs screwed us over" 2. CORFing 3. Moral reasoning

Describe and provide an example of the three moral reasoning strategies

1. Moral rationalization - the process of reconstituting immoral actions as less immoral in order to maintain support for an immoral actor. Athletes' pro-social work can reduce people's negative reactions to allegations. 2. Moral decoupling - Separate the judgments of immoral actions from judgments of job performance. Democrats acknowledged Bill Clinton's immoral actions, but it did not impact their views on his ability to govern. 3. Moral coupling - when people have difficulty separating evaluations of a person's job from their transgressions

What are the hypotheses in the Justin Rohrwasser Study and what are the key concepts

Team identification will be positively associated with moral decoupling and moral rationalization, and team identification will be negatively associated with moral coupling. Key concepts: moral reasoning strategies (decoupling levels) and team identification

What are the relationships between the key concepts in the Justin Rohrwasser Study

1. The more respondents identified with the New England Patriots, the more they agreed that Justin Rohrwasser's controversial beliefs should not be considered when assessing football ability. 2. The more respondents who identified with the Patriots, the more that agreed that Justin Rohrwasser's beliefs should be rationalized and not a big deal. 3. The more respondents agreed with Patriots, the more they agreed that Justin's beliefs should be jointly considered with his football ability

Who is Justin Rohrwasser, and how is he relevant to the article

Patriots 2020 rookie kicker. The night he was drafted, news outlets reported his controversial tattoo of the three percenters logo along with a tweet

Explain the graphs at the end of the Justin Rohrwasser article

X axis was degree of patriots team identification, least to most. Y axis was agreement with moral rationalization (Least[dem] to most[republicans]). The more die hard of a fan, the higher agreement with moral rationalization

What are the historical moments in which people came to worry about the effects of mass media

1. Spanish-American War - Newspapers spreading claims of bombs 2. WWI Wartime propaganda - posters/flyers on public opinion 3. Payne Studies - Movies + pied piper effect + B&W train 4. War of Words Broadcast - Radio talking war drama

4 Types of people that are more likely to believe mass media

1. Lower critical thinking ability 2. Lower self-confidence 3. Lower emotional security 4. Strongly religious people

One of the Uses and Gratification models can be defined by 7 steps, what is it and what are they?

KATZ Model (1974) 1. The social and psychological origins of (individual and mental social state) 2. Needs (Don't want to be bored) 3. Which generates expectations of 4. The mass media or other sources which lead to (What can i do to not be bored) 5. Differential patterns of media exposure, or engagement in other activities, resulting in (watching Netflix) 6. Need gratification and (alleviated boredom) 7. Other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones (binge-watched a show and missed an assignment)

Magic Bullet Theory (Hypodermic Needle)

Sports fans who watch sports all react in similar ways. Sports fans may adhere more to traditional beliefs that perpetuate stereotypes/inequity/etc. Because sports tend to perpetuate these ideas unintentionally. Audiences are passive, and it affects us all the same. We ask tall people if they play basketball cause tall people play basketball

Uses and Gratification Theory

People use media to feel gratification - fans become fans based on personal characteristics, they choose to watch for a variety of reasons (KATZ), media has proliferated because of demand, and there are consequences. Relates to how and why people use media assumes that people actively choose the media. Sports fans know there are different channels to watch sports

What is reciprocity as it relates to sports media audiences

We pick media we are interested in, the media influences us, and we pick more media. Who we are as people determines the media we watch; it influences us, and we pick more media based on that influence

What is a 'supercrip' and how is it a negative thing?

Defined as a pitiable freak, helpless cripple, or inspirational poster child. This stereotype rearticulates an ableist context for sports which limits the role sports play in the integration of ableist culture

How does the book say media enhances the visibility of professional sports leagues

The more traffic on social media (velocity), there is a change in the attention to a website (conversion ratio), and how many comments are generated (participation ratio) leading to a higher percentage of account holders who participate on social media

What does the book say experts recommend sports figures/professionals consider when using social media

The enduring nature of messages sent on social media, the speed in which word travels, messages surrounding your brand, posts are apart of your brand, avoid impulse posting

What is CoSIDA

The College Sports Information Directors of America - an association of professionals who communicate to the public on behalf of their athletic departments

How important is a sports information director to the success of a university's athletics team

The lead drafting media releases, coordinating media conferences, scheduling interviews, developing and producing game notes and media guides, working with other institutions to share when the team competes, promoting the team on social media, providing social media training to teams and coaches, and monitoring the teams social media

What is the basic idea behind agenda setting

The media sets the table for what audiences have the opportunity to read or see. The more an issue is in the news, the more important audiences perceive it to be. Media can create pseudo-environment that fills in parts of reality

What is intermedia agenda setting?

Deals with how media content is shaped by other media content. Traditionally, if ESPN is covering something, smaller news sources will cover it

What is attribute/2nd-level agenda setting?

Characteristics or attributes of an object within a story. What specific parts of an event are shown to adjust audience values or narratives

Name and describe the four reasons why media can influence people, as it relates to people relying on the media for information

1. Need for orientation - news media introduces people to new topics 2. Relevance - The audience needs to think the issue is relevant to them 3. Uncertainty - If the audience is more uncertain, there is a stronger effect from the news 4. Obtrusiveness - If someone knows a lot about something, they dont need the media as much

What is gatekeeping

Refers to how media representatives select what does and does not get through the metaphoric gate to media audiences, like a filter

Name and describe the 5 considerations that journalists use to decide if they should report on a topic

1. Strong impact - the audience will pay more attention if its applicable or impacts them 2. Violence/conflict/disaster/scandal - get more attention 3. Familiarity - Stories are more popular if they feel relatable, and there is more retention when people know something relevant to the story 4. Proximity - People pay more attention to something they feel closer to 5. Timeliness/novelty - cant be a story thats not an everyday event

Who is Craig Hodges? How is his story different than Colin Kaepernick's? What concept from agenda setting helps explain the differences

Hodges was an NBA player (Bulls), allegedly being blackballed from the league for bringing attention to racial issues, no team supported him, he sued the league. Kaepernick took a knee during the anthem then spoke out on twitter. They both took stances on racial issues in sports; prior to social media, fans had to wait for reporters to share on an event - responses have gone beyond social media

Framing

Defines problems, diagnoses causes, makes moral judgments, and offers suggestions for how audiences should feel. The media can set the agenda by framing stories in a particular ways that gets the audience to think about issues in particular ways. Includes more cognitive processes (agenda setting) 1. Moral evaluations 2. Causal reasoning 3. Appealing to principles 4. Recommendations for dealing with social problems

Framing effects

Influences audiences on how they understand and evaluate issues, policies, or events. Audience side: moderator variables determine the strength of framing effects: 1. Individual predispositions 2. Other info - cross pressure, other sources 3. Knowledge - how much you know about an issue 4. Applicability - relevance to the fan. Media side: 1. Strong frames = more applicable frames 2. Strong frames do not mean more better frames 3. What makes a strong frame? - something easy to remember (less substance) 4. Depend on a mix of three factors - strength and repetition of frame, competitive environment, individual motivations - less effect when people are not looking for it

Frame Building

Steps for identifying/studying frames in communication research: content analysis 1. Issue/topic 2. Public opinion - isolate a specific attitude; frames can differ based on attitude 3. Coding scheme - from prior research to describe the issue or topic at hand 4. Population - select a mass media source 5. Analysis - were the frames you were looking for there or not

Frame Setting

Measure of the influence of frames. How to: 1. Groups and how close they are to receiving frames 2. Look how close a persons true beliefs and opinions are 3. Control groups with / neutral information, see if it differs from those getting frames

Equivalency frames

Something is exactly the same as something else, but perceived differently because of how its framed. When equal meaning is applied differently to alter viewpoints

What are the 4 moderator variables to determine the strength of framing effects? How do they work?

Moderator variables determine the strength of framing effects: 1. Individual predispositions 2. Other info - cross pressure, other sources 3. Knowledge - how much you know on the issue 4. Applicability - relevance to the fan

How were the two sporting articles we read in class framed differently and where were they from

Frames: 1. Pistons unable to do something 2. Celtics overcame obstacles and showed ability. From: Detroit news source vs Boston news source, because they focus the articles on the more relevant team to their area

Understanding of how sports media content can be framed and what those implications are

You choose the emphasis of the message, so focus on the language you use and know your audience

Aesthetics

Appreciate the beauty, grace, and artistry of athletic performance itself, regardless of team allegiance

Circumstances why "The Band Would Not Die" kept playing

Emotional ties that citizens of Baltimore had to its Colt football team. How much it hurt fans when the team left Baltimore

What are coping mechanisms/strategies?

Social Psychological Health Model: CORFing, Self stereotyping, Calling out fansClaude can make mistakes. Please double-check responses