Studied by 60 PeopleDisease
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Disease
impairment of health with periods of before and after
Lesions
damage or change to tissue that is usually caused by disease --> potential for cancer
symptomatic disease
common symptoms associated with a disease or condition are present
asymptomatic disease
common symptoms are not present but disease is positive
etiology
causes of a disease
pathogenesis
development of a disease
classifications of disease
physical mental infectious non infectious inherited
levels of prevention
primary, secondary, tertiary
primary prevention
avoiding disease
secondary prevention
mitigating the effects of disease
tertiary prevention
preventing disability/sequelae
Diagnosis
determination of the nature and cause of disease/illness
potential requirements for diagnosis
clinical history physical exam a differential diagnosis
differential diagnosis
determining a disease via the symptoms and choosing what fits the archetype
prognosis
predicting the eventual outcome of the disease
specific treatment
treatment towards the disease
symptomatic treatment
relief of the symptoms
5 components of a clinical history
history of illness medical history family history social history (living and social environment) review of the symptoms
Diagnostic Test Considerations
Cost Invasiveness Appropriateness Effectiveness (false positive/false negative)
specificity
correct representation of people WITHOUT disease FALSE NEGATIVES RESULT FROM LOW SPECIFICITY
sensitivity
lowest viral load that can be measured test likelihood to detect a PRESENT condition LOW SENSITIVITY LEADS TO FALSE POSITIVES
Screening
important for asymptomatic, genetic, and symptomatic diseases
Asymptomatic screening
helps as some diseases take YEARS to progress
Genetic Screening
helps as it can determine susceptibility to disease and likelihood of passing the disease over generations
Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Testing
looking at fluid samples usually blood or urine to evaluate enzymes, organ function, monitor response of certain cancers to treatment, etc.
Imaging Test: Xray
high energy radiation at low doses to detect radiopaque (bones) and radiolucent (soft tissue) structures
xray dyes
used to detect tissues in certain areas dependent on the dyes
CT scan acronym
computed tomography
Diagnostic: CT
Use of many Xrays and computed software to get isolation of areas at perfect resolution lots of radiation good to look at abnormal organs or lesions for cancer in asymptomatic individuals
Diagnostic Test: MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hydrogen protons in water
Different Weighting of MRI
T1 and T2 --> high weighting FLAIR GRE Gradient Proton Density
Diagnostic Test: PET
positron-emission tomography assess biochemical function bright dots on a film overlapped with CT able to differentiate between benign and malignant tumours
Diagnostic Tests: Radioisotope Studies
Evaluate organ function by determining the rate of uptake and excretion of substances that are labelled with a radioisotope
radioisotyped substance anemia
vitamin B12
radioisotyped substance hyperthyroidism
radioactive iodine
Diagnostic Tests: Cytology
Examination of a single cell type (usually fluids) (Pap smear) recognizes early changes that may be associated with cervical cancers
Diagnostic Tests: Histology
Study of microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs (Biopsy) Use of tissue samples
Diagnostic Tests: Electrical Activity
ECG --> heart EEG --> brain and brain waves EMG --> muscles (myograph)
Diagnostic Test: Endoscopy
Examination of the interior of the body via small incisions
Diagnostic Test: Ultrasound
Mapping of the interior of the body using high-frequency sound waves
Organizational Hierarchy
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
Cell function is determined by
gene expression
Genetic info is contained in the
DNA
Cell to cell differences of organelles
greater than cell to cell differences of the nucleus
organelle size
vary based on function
mitochondria function
powerhouse of the cell food material into ATP
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum functino
protein synthesis
Smooth ER lipid synthesis
lipid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus main characteristics
sacs near nucleus synthesis of large carbs connected with RER tubules proteins go through the RER to the Golgi and then combine with carb molecules and form granules