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How many muscles are in the body?
650 skeletal muscles
What are the two general characteristics of muscles?
The have action potential and can contract.
What does excitability mean?
The ability to generate electrical impulses.
What does contractility mean?
The ability to shorten in length.
What are the only two cells in the body that exhibit excitability?
Nerve cells and muscle cells.
What are the three functions of the muscles?
Voluntary movement, maintaining body posture, and heat production.
What is the tendon of origin commonly called?
The head or ‘ceps’.
What does the tendon of origin connect to?
Usually to a less-movable structure.
What is the tendon of insertion commonly called?
The ‘tail’.
What does the tendon of insertion connect to?
To a more movable structure.
What are the three layers of fascia?
Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium.
What does a somatic motor unit consist of?
The spinal cord, motor neurons and muscle fibers, with a neuromuscular junction.
What are proprioceptors?
Sensory neurons that supply muscles.
What is an agonist?
Muscle that causes the desired action.
What is a synergist muscle?
Muscle that act with an agonist.
What is an antagonist muscle?
Muscles that relaxes / causes the opposite action of an agonist.
What is a fixator or stabilizer?
Muscle that stabilizes the body / decreases unnecessary movement.
What are the characteristics of muscles that are used in maximal training?
Larger muscles, faster rate of contraction, higher power, mimal storage of oxygen, generally a more ‘white’ color.
What are characteristics of muscles used in sub-maximal training?
Smaller muscles, with a slower rate of contraction, higher endurance, and a more ‘red’ coloration from having more blood.
What is muscle agenesis?
Congenital failure of muscle development.
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a weakened area.
What are some factors that cause hernias?
A birth defect, lifting heavy weight, coughing/defections.
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Contracting the abdominal muscles, changing the internal pressure.
Define hypertrophy.
Lots of growth.
Define atrophy.
Lack of growth.
What is myositis
Inflammation of the muscles from a microbial infection / physical trauma.
How do you treat myositis?
Cold compress for 24 hours, then heat, massage, and rest after.
What are muscle spasms?
Involuntary contractions caused by physical trauma , muscular ischemia, hypothermia, or poor posture.
What are cramps?
Persistent sustained spasms.
What is a colonus?
Intermittent spasms.
What is tetanus?
Also called lock-jaw. Progressive degeneration of muscle tissue and fibrosis.
What are convulsions?
Involuntary contractions.
Where are smooth muscles located?
In internal organs
Frontalis
Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
Orbicularis Oculi
Closes the eyelids
Orbicularis Oris
Puckers the lips
Buccinator
Compresses the cheek
Platysma
Pulls lower lip and jaw downwards
Zygomaticus
Smiling
Superior Rectus
Elevates eye
Inferior Rectus
Depresses eye
Medial Rectus
Rotates eye medially
Lateral Rectus
Rotates eye
Temporalis
Elevates mandible, closes the jaw.
Masseter
Elevates mandible, cleanches the teeth.
Genioglossus
Sticks tongue in
Styloglossus
Pulls tongue in
What are the general characteristics of facial muscles?
All superficial muscles, and all innervated by the facial nerve
What nerve innervates the facial muscles?
The facial nerve
What is the action of the frontalis?
Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead
What muscle closes the eyelids?
Orbicularis oculi
What muscle is responsible for squinting, winking, blinking?
Orbicularis oris
What muscle puckers the lips?
Buccinator
What muscle compresses the cheeks?
Buccinator
What muscle pulls the lower lip downward?
Platysma6
What is Bell’s Palsy?
Unilateral paralysis of the facial nerve, often from inflammation
How many muscles move the eye?
6
What muscles elevates the mandible?
Temporalis / Masseter
What nerve innervates the tongue?
Trigeminal nerve
What are the two characteristics of the muscles of the vertebral column.
What are prevertebral muscles responsible for?
Flexion of the spine
Sternocleidomastoid.
Sternum, Clavicle, and Mastoid
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
Rectus abdomiunus
Quadratus lumborum
Iliopsoas
Why is the iliopsoas
What are post vertebral muscles responsible for?
Splenius
What are the three muscles of the erector spinae?
Trapezius
What are the three parts of the trapezius?
Rhomboideus
Serratus Anterior
What does abduct mean?
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
What does supinate mean?
Biceps Brachii
Both heads originate on the scapula. Inserts in the radial tuberosity of the radius. Flexes the forearm, supinates the hand.
Brachialis
Originates in the distal end of the humerus. Inserts in the coronoid process of they lna. Flexes the forearm.
Brachioradialis
Originates in the distal end of the humerus. Inserts in the styloid process of the radius. Flexes the forearm.
Triceps Brachii
Has 3 heads of origin. The long head: scapula; the lateral & medial heads: humerus.Inserts at the olecranon process of the ulna. Extends the forearm.
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexes and abducts the hand. (the thumb)
Palmaris Longus
Abducts the hand (the middle fingers)
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Abducts the hand (the pinky finger)
Pronator Teres
Pronates the hand (moves the palm facing down)
Extensor Carpi Radialis
Extends and abducts the hand
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extends and abducts the hand
Thennar Eminence
Strength, gripping, grasping
Levator Ani
Bulbocavernosus
Tensor Fascia Lata
Gluteus Maximus
Quadiceps Femoris
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialus
Vastus Medialis