Neuroscience: The Science of the Brain

This set of flashcards focuses on fundamental concepts and facts about neuroscience, the brain, and its functions as outlined in the provided notes.

What is neuroscience?

The study of the nervous system, particularly the brain, exploring how it works and the various disciplines involved.

What are the basic components of the nervous system?

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

What are the three main types of neurons?

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

What is the role of glial cells in the nervous system?

Supporting cells that contribute to the development and function of the nervous system.

What is synaptic plasticity?

The process by which synapses strengthen or weaken over time, influencing learning and memory.

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another.

What are action potentials?

Electrical impulses that travel down axons, allowing neurons to communicate.

How does the brain process pain?

Pain is sensed through nociceptors that activate protective reflexes and transmit pain signals to the brain.

What is dyslexia?

A learning disability that affects reading, characterized by difficulties with phonological processing.

What is the role of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum is crucial for the coordination of movements and timing.

What happens during the HPA axis response to stress?

Activation of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, resulting in increased cortisol levels.

What are some common types of brain imaging?

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), fMRI (functional MRI), and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans.

What is the significance of the corpus callosum?

It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, facilitating interhemispheric communication.

How are drugs and the brain connected?

Many drugs alter neurotransmitter systems in the brain, influencing mood, perception, and behavior.

What is the impact of sleep on the brain?

Sleep is essential for brain recovery, memory consolidation, and maintenance of cognitive functions.

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

It is vital for the formation of new memories and the organization of information.

How do genes influence neurological conditions?

Certain genetic mutations are linked to disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease.

What are mirror neurons?

Neurons that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe the same action performed by another.

What ethical considerations arise in neuroscience?

Neuroethics explores the implications of brain research for individual identity, mental health, and societal impact.

What is the dynamic nature of neurons?

Neurons are constantly changing their connections and structure in response to learning and experience.

How is memory organized in the brain?

Memory is comprised of various systems including working memory, long-term memory, and episodic memory, each operating through different brain areas.