HLTH 125: Chapter 5 - Muscular System

musculoskeletal system

supports and protects the body stature and produces movement

muscular system

the system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles; permits body movement, movement within the walls of the organs

muscle

tissue consisting of cells that contract in order to produce movement

skeletal muscle

muscle that typically attaches to bone; voluntary muscle responsible for body movements and posture

visceral muscle

a smooth-textured muscle in the walls of organs

cardiac muscle

heart muscle; the middle, muscular layer of the heart; a type of involuntary muscle and striated muscle

involuntary muscle

muscle that is activated without conscious thought

voluntary muscle

muscles that is activated by conscious thought and is under the control of the will

striated muscle

muscle with the appearance of light and dark bands

smooth muscle

muscle having an even surface; free of indentations/projections

myogenesis

the generation of new muscle tissue, specifically skeletal muscle tissue

myocyte

a muscle cell

myoblast

an embryonic precursor cell that forms into a skeletal muscle cell; essential for muscle development and regeneration

fascia (muscle)

a thin, tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that wraps around individual muscles and muscle compartments

neuromuscular junction

a specialized nerve synapse that connects a nerve cell axon to a muscle cell; stimulates or inhibits a muscle cell, causing contraction or relaxation

muscle compartment

muscles grouped together within a fascia; muscle compartments are found in the arms and legs

muscle head

typically, proximal part of a muscle

muscle insertion

the distal attachment point, where a muscle’s distal tendon attaches to a bone, opposite end of the muscle origin and head

muscle origin

the proximal attachment point, where a muscle’s proximal tendon attaches to a bone

myoglobin

a muscle protein

tendon

a strong, fibrous of connective tissue band that connects muscle to bone

intramuscular injection

insertion of a hypodermic needle into a muscle to inject a medication

muscle contraction

activation of muscle tension, typically causing muscle shortening, to produce movement

contract

to shorten

muscle relaxation

muscle inactivation, causing the release of tension, lengthening of muscle and a return to normal resting tension state

trapezius muscle

either of the medial shoulder and back muscles; extend from the base of the skill to the midback

deltoid muscle

either of the lateral shoulder muscles at the superior aspect of the arm; it forms the rounded contour of the shoulder

pectoralis major

the greater chest muscles

pectoralis minor

the smaller chest muscles

biceps brachii

the 2-headed muscle of the anterior upper arm

triceps brachii

the 3-headed muscle of the posterior upper arm

gluteus muscles

the muscles of the buttocks

gluteal maximus

the biggest muscle of the buttocks

gluteal medius

the middle muscle of the buttocks

gluteus minimus

the smallest in mass of the gluteal muscles

quadriceps

a large 4-headed muscle group that is located in the anterior upper leg

hamstrings

muscles of the posterior upper leg

extension

to stretch out, straighten

flexion

to bend or flex; the movement at a joint to decrease the angle between two bones

abduction

to bring away from the midline of the body

adduction

to bring toward the midline of the body

inversion

to turn inward

eversion

to turn outward

supination

the outward rotation of the hand and forearm causing the palm of the hand to face upward

supinator

the muscle that causes the rotation of the hand; so palm faces upward

pronation

the inward rotation of the hand and forearm causing the palm of the hand to face downward

elevation

moving a body part upward

depression

moving a body part downward

protraction

moving a body part/bone forward without changing the angle

retraction

moving a body part/bone backward without changing the angle

dorsiflexion

flexing the ankle upward so the toes move toward the shin or flexing the fingers of the hand backward toward the forearm

plantar flexion

extending the ankle downward and flexing the plantar aspect of the foot so the toes point downward

rotation

movement of a bone around its own axis

kinesiology

the study of movement

bradykinesia

abnormal slowness of movement

dyskinesia

a type of hyperkinesia defined by abnormal, involuntary, repetitive movements, such as jerking or writhing motions, or swaying

hyperkinesia

a broad term for excessive movement

hypokinesia

having reduced range of motion and motor activity

muscle tone

the natural tension present in resting muscles/muscle cells

atonia

lack of normal muscle tone

atropy

muscle wasting; a decrease in size and strength of muscles

dystonia

involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal and/or repetitive twisting movements of the head, neck or body

hypertonia

excessive tone; an abnormally increased muscle tone or strength

hypertrophy

excessive development of muscle in size/bulk

dystrophy

a group of progressive muscle disorders characterized by abnormal development of muscle due to degeneration, atrophy and weakening of muscles

myotonia

a condition marked by delayed relaxation of skeletal muscles; a neurological disorder

compartment syndrome

inflammation within a muscle compartment caused increased pressure within the compartment, resulting in potential blood vessel, muscle and nerve damage

fibromyalgia

a chronic disorder or syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties

intermittent claudication

intermittent muscle pain caused by ischemia with activity

myalgia

muscle pain

myasthenia

muscle weakness

myopathy

a general term for muscle disease/disorder

myorrhexis

the macroscopic tearing or rupture of a muscle

myositis

muscle inflammation and/or infection'

rhabdomyolysis

rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle which leads to a release of intracellular contents into the blood

contracture

shortening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments due to lack of use or inability to move a part of the body

muscle cramp

a sudden, localized involuntary, contraction of a muscle that can cause intense pain

muscle spasm

any localized, repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation

muscle tremor

a rhythmic, involuntary shaking or trembling of a muscle/muscle group

tetany

a type of muscle cramp, often differentiated because it lasts longer and is more widespread

torticollis

muscle dystonia of the neck causing muscular contractions to pull the head toward one side

carpal tunnel syndrome

painful compression of the median nerve in the wrist

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

tenalgia

tendon pain

tenorrhexis

tendon rupture/macroscopic tear

strain

overstretching or microscopic tearing of a muscle or tendon

adhesion

a band of scar tissue that forms when individual fascia stick together

fasciitis

inflammation of fascia

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia

occupational therapist

professionals that restore a patient’s ability to participate in ADLs after injury or illness

orthopedist

a physician that specializes in the correction and cure of musculoskeletal deformities, disorders, and diseases

physical therapist

health professional that improves mobility, strength, and range of motion after injury or illness using exercise, massage, heat/cold therapy

rheumatologist

physician that specializes in the treatment of degenerative, autoimmune, and inflammatory disease of the skeletal system

electromyogram

an electronic or printed record or the strength and quality of a muscle

electromyograph

the machine that records the strength and quality of a muscle

electromyography

the process of recording the strength and quality of muscle as a result of electrical simulation

cryotherapy

use of cold or freezing temperatures to treat health conditions

thermotherapy

the use of heat to treat disease, injuries, and pain

rehabilitation therapy

a general term to describe treatments used to restore, maintain, or improve physical, cognitive, and functional abilities lost due to injury, illness, or surgery

myoplasty

a general term for surgical repair, often implying surgical reconstruction of muscle tissue