NCE Human Growth and Development

What are the eight stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18-40 years)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years)

8. Integrity vs. Despair (65+ years)

What conflict occurs in Erikson’s stage for infants (0-1 year)?

Trust vs. Mistrust: Infants develop trust with consistent caregiving or inconsistency

What is the focus of Erikson’s stage for adolescents (12-18 years)?

Identity vs. Role Confusion: Forming a sense of self or experiencing role confusion

How does Erikson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation stage apply to counseling young adults?

Address fears of rejection or difficulties forming close relationships to foster intimacy

What is the crisis in Erikson’s stage for late adulthood (65+ years)?

Integrity vs. Despair: Reflecting on life leads to wisdom or regret leads to despair

What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

2. Preoperational (2-7 years)

3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)

4. Formal operational (12+ years)

What characterizes Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)?

Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence

What cognitive limitation is typical in Piaget’s Preoperational stage (2-7 years)?

Egocentrism and difficulty with conversation (e.g., understanding volume stays constant)

How does Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage (7-11 year) inform counseling?

Use concrete examples for logical problem-solving with school-aged children

What ability develops in Piaget’s Formal Operational stage (12+ years)?

Abstract and hypothetical thinking, enabling complex problem-solving

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

What characterizes Kohlberg’s Preconventional level of moral reasoning?

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment (avoid punishment)

Stage 2: Self-Interest (seek rewards)

What is the focus of Kohlberg’s Conventional level?

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships (seek approval)

Stage 4: Law and Order (follow rules for social order)

What defines Kohlberg’s Postconventional level?

Stage 5: Social Contract (rules benefit society)

Stage 6: Universal Principles (ethical principles above laws)

How does Kohlberg’s theory apply to counseling a teenager in Stage 2?

Use reward-based strategies to encourage positive behavior

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The gap between what the learner can do independently and with guidance

What is scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?

Support from a more knowledgeable person to bridge the ZPD

What is private speech according to Vygotsky?

Self-talk used by children to guide thinking and problem-solving

How does Vygotsky’s theory inform counseling children?

Use collaborative activities or peer support to enhance learning and development

What are the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

1. Physiological (food, water)

2. Safety (security)

3. Belongingness and Love (relationships)

4. Esteem (self-respect)

5. Self-Actualization (fulfilling potential)

How does Maslow’s hierarchy guide counseling?

Address lower-level needs (e.g., safety, shelter) before higher-level goal (e.g., self-esteem)

Which need is prioritized for a client facing homelessness?

Safety needs (security, stability)

What are the four attachment styles in Bowlby’s theory?

Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Avoidant, Disorganized

What characterizes a secure attachment style?

Trusts caregivers, forms healthy relationships

How does anxious-ambivalent attachment manifest in adult clients?

Fear of abandonment, seeking constant reassurance

How does Bowlby’s theory inform counseling adults with relational issues?

Explore early caregiver relationships to understand attachment patterns

What are Freud’s Psychosexual stages?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital; fixation at a stage impacts personality

What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

Learning through observation, modeling, and reinforcement

How does Gilligan’s moral development theory differ from Kohlberg’s?

Emphasizes care-based ethics (relationships, empathy) over justice-based reasoning

What are key developmental milestones in infancy (0-2 years)?

Physical: Rapid growth, motor skills (crawling, walking)

Cognitive: Object permanence

Social/Emotional: Attachment formation

What characterizes early childhood (2-6 years)?

Physical: Fine motor skills (e.g., drawing)

Cognitive: Egocentrism, symbolic play

Social/Emotional: Initiative, early moral reasoning

What are milestones in middle childhood (6-12 years)?

Physical: Steady growth, coordination

Cognitive: Logical thinking, conservation

Social/Emotional: Peer relationships, industry

What defines adolescence (12-18 years)?

Physical: Puberty, rapid changes

Cognitive; Abstract thinking

Social'/Emotional: Identity formation, peer influence

What are characteristics of young adulthood (18-40 years)?

Physical: Peak health

Cognitive: Complex problem-solving

Social/Emotional: Intimacy, career focus

What occurs in middle adulthood (40-65 years)?

Physical: Gradual decline (e.g., vision)

Cognitive: Crystallized intelligence peaks

Social/Emotional: Generativity, midlife reflection

What milestones in late adulthood (65+ years)?

Physical: Declines in mobility, senses

Cognitive: Potential memory decline, wisdom

Social/Emotional: Life review, integrity

What are biological factors in development?

Genetics (temperament, intelligence), neurodevelopment (brain maturation)

How do biological factors inform counseling?

Consider biological predispositions (e.g., ADHD) when assessing client issues

What are environmental factors in development?

Family dynamics (parenting styles). socioeconomic status, trauma (e.g., ACEs)

How do environmental factors affect counseling?

Assess stressors like poverty or abuse in treatment planning

What are cultural factors in development

Cultural norms (e.g., collectivism vs. individualism), acculturation stress

How do cultural factors guide counseling?

Use culturally sensitive interventions (e.g., explore family duty in collectivist cultures)

How do you tailor interventions for children based on developmental stage?

Use play therapy or concrete examples for young children (Piaget’s Preoperational/Concrete stages)

How do you address developmental crises in adolescents?

Support identity exploration and manage peer pressure (Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion)

How do you counsel young adults based on Erikson’s stages?

Address relationship or career stress (Intimacy vs. Isolation)

How do you support older adults in counseling?

Facilitate life review and coping with loss (Erikson’s Integrity vs. Despair)

How doe Maslow’s hierarchy guide therapeutic priorities?

Prioritize unmet lower-level needs (e.g., safety) before higher-level goals (e.g., self-actualization)

How does attachment theory inform relational counseling?

Explore early attachment to address patterns like fear of abandonment or avoidance