Research from pass OT paper

meta-analysis of randomized control trials

Quantitative-several studies that use randomized controlled trials are selected and statistically analyzed to compare and contrast results of studies

randomized controlled trial

quantitative- a group of subjects who are randomly selected for the study are split into a trial group and control group.

The groups are exactly the same except for the variable to be studied which is changed for the trial group.

longitudinal study

qualitative/quantitative-variable is observed repeatedly over a long period of time, often years. (Cohort study/outcomes study)

Case control study

Qualitative-an observational study where two groups of people with a specific medical condition and one without the condition are compared to determine factors that may contribute to or affect the medical condition

Case study

Qualitative-a single person, group of people or specific situation is studied and analyzed holistically over a period of time.

expert opinion

a person with expertise in a particular subject relays their knowledge about that subject

independent variable

variable that is not affected by other variables

Ex: Demographic, age, gender, race

dependent variable

variable that changes over the course of the research study. The outcome is measured and analyzed.

ex: effects of medication

covariation

a comparison of two or more variables that change in relation to each other

ex: the effect of amount of exercise on the body weight

null hypothesis

default position in research that states the point of view that there is no relationship between two measurable phenomena

level of significance(p value)

p value .05 or less= significant

validity

extent to which an assessment tool measures what it is supposed to measure

criterion validity

the determination of how well an assessment tool measures an outcome (concurrent validity and predictive validity)

construct validity

the determination of how well an assessment tool measures an attribute or skill that it claims to measure

reliability

the ability to duplicate the results of an assessment, does the test provide the same results if administered under the same conditions

inter-rater reliability

the determination of how well an assessment tool achieves the same results if two different raters administer the tool

intra-rater reliability

the determination of how well the results of an assessment can be replicated when it is administered by the same rater on two or more occasions

test-retest reliability

the determination of how well an assessment achieves the same results if the test is administered twice under the same exact conditions

phenomenogical

study of how people react to and experience a phenomenon or situation

ethnographic

study of characteristics of a cultural group

heuristic

study in which researcher immerses himself or herself in the experience of the subjects

case study

in depth study of single subjects or group subjects

true experimental

study in which subjects are randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group

grounded theory

an inductive method of research in which data is collected first

quasi-experimental

a study in which the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable are examined

random sample

a table of random numbers is used to select individuals

systematic sample

individuals are selected from a list at specific intervals

subjects who represent a particular population are measured simultaneously for suspected risk factors or predictors and outcomes of interests

cohort study

subjects who represent a particular population are measured simultaneously for suspected risk factors or predictors and outcomes of interests

cross-sectional study

-relies on existing data after the outcome has occurred

-subjects who represent particular population are measures on suspected risk factors of predictors of outcomes of interests

-subjects followed over time

retrospective cohort study

non experimental or correlational

study in which manipulation of the independent variable is not possible

stratified random sample

individuals are selected from subgroups of a population based on characteristics that served the purpose of the study

Ex: A study on the income of OTs randomly selects a proportionate number of OTs form each region of the US.

purposive sample

individuals are deliberately singled out and selected for a study

snow ball sampling/network sampling

individuals who are selected based on the study criteria provide the names of other individuals who can meet the study criteria

controlled group

Subjects receive a non-active treatment (e.g., a "sugar pill").

conducting focus groups with individuals who have sustained spinal cord injury to develop theory of adjustment

qualitative research methodology