Brain and Behavior Test Two

Hubel and Wiesel

characterized three kinds of cells

What were the three kinds of cells Hubel and Wiesel characterized?

Linda Buck

discovered genetics of smell

Von Bekesy

discovered and made map of the ear, information later used to found cochlear implants

Stretch-Activated Ion Channel

touch changes shape of ion channels on receptors, Na+ ions enter cells —> depolarization —> opening of voltage gated Na+ and CA++ channels —> neurotransmitters released to nerve going to spinal cord to relay touch 

Spinal cord → →primary somatosensory cortex

thalamus

You touched a piece of paper, what receptor did you activate

Mechanoreceptors, touch perception

You got a paper cut, what receptor did you activate

Nociceptors, pain perception

You put a piece of paper in the fridge, what receptor did you activate

thermoreceptors, hot/cold perception

Amplitude

loudness

Frequency

pitch

Tambar

complexity

Conductive hearing loss

sound waves cannot enter inner ear due to obstruction or damage in the outer and middle ear

Sensorineural Hearing loss

permanent hearing loss that occurs in the inner ear or auditory nerve. Prevents sound from being transmitted to the brain

Anosmia

without smell

Cataracts

clouding of the lens leading to blurred vision. Typically caused by breakdown of protein in the lens

Diabetic retinopathy

dark spots in the field of vision

Congenital pain Insensitivity

lack of sodium channels, prevents transduction of pain

Glaucoma

Peripheral retina, tunnel vision

Non-tasters

can’t taste some bitter

Supertasters

more taste buds, taste things stronger

Prosopagnosia

facial blindness

Transduction of auditory information happens in the cells of the .

hair, cochlea

Parvocellular visual systems

In the center of the eye, detail and color system

Magnocellular visual systems

Peripheral of the eyes, notices vague shape and movement

Five tastes

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

Transduction of salt

Some taste receptor cells have special Na+ selective channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, it causes depolarization. Depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca++ channels, triggers release of neurotransmitters to signal the perception of salt to the brain

Transduction of sweet

binds to g-protein, calcium influxes, potassium channels close, ATP release, depolarization, then brain interpretation

Transduction of sour

H+ ions go into the H+ channels. It can block potassium channels. Depolarization opens voltage-gated Na+ and CA++ channels leading to an influx of ions

Transduction of bitter

binds to g-protein, calcium release, ATP release, depolarization, then brain interpretation

The corticospinal tract goes from

M1 → spinal cord → muscles

The primary motor cortex is in the lobe

frontal

The premotor area and supplemental motor are both responsible for .

motor planning

AJ had a stroke and couldn’t move her right arm. Her stroke was in her .

left hemisphere

Right after the stroke, she suffered from .

paralysis

A month after the stroke she suffered from 

paresis

Finally her neuropsychologist diagnosed her with an because she was having trouble using her dominant arm to brush her teeth or write.

apraxia

Jan’s myelin was degrading and action potentials controlling movement were taking longer to occur

multiple-schlorosis 

Disorder is characterized by death of cells in the spinal cord

ALS/ Lou Gerrigs

Disorder characterized by loss of cells in the basal ganglia/ substatia nigra

Huntington’s and Parkinson’s

Binocular cells function perceive

depth

The Dorsal stream of visual processing is also called the pathway.

where

Papillae

bumps on tongue

Receptor cells

regenerate every 7-10 days

Sensory Transduction

• sound causes wave in Endolymph

• Bends the tips of Hair Cells

• Opens potassium channels and potassium ions neter cell, causing depolarization

• end of sound wave,t ips bend back to close potassium channels

Central Auditory Process

Auditory nerve → thalamus → primary auditory cortex

Tinnitus

• ringing of ears

• caused by exposure to loud sounds and aspirin, Nsaids, and antibiotics

Semicircular canals are responsible for

vestibular sense (balance)

Two different names for Primary motor cortex

• M1

• Precentral gyrus

Motor planning areas

• premotor area (PMA)

• supplemental motor area (SMA)

Apraxia

inability to perform a particular motor task

Paresis

motor weakness

Paralysis/plegia

motor loss

Termination of post-synaptic potentials

1. Degradation (at synapse)

2. Reuptake (presynaptic cell)

3. Siphoning (astrocyte)

In touch, sensory transduction utilizes ion channels that get physically larger and let those ions travel. the cells, thus causing depolarization and a touch signal to the brain

Na+. into

There is a map of the body represented in the primary somatosensory cortex is in the

parietal lobe

Further, the is the map-like representation of the human body based on the amount of brain tissue in the somatosensory cortex devoted to those structures

homunculus

Neuroplasticity is cortical reorganization after

brain damage or learning something

Ramachandran found there was cortical reorganization after                               , and this led to

brain damage or learning something

Ramachandran found there was cortical reorganization after and this leads to pain

loss of limb, pain

Pain is sent to the thalamus and then the cortex

cingulate (nociceptors)

Spiciness

Measured in scoville units

Sensory transduction

going from physical stimulus to action potential

Cornea

outermost part of the eye, focuses your visual world on your retina

Pupil

opening that light passes through to reach the lens and retina

Lens

another structure that helps focus your visual world on your retina

Ciliary muscles

controls shape of the lens

• lens refracts light and focuses it on retina

• lens changes shape, a process called accommodation

Viterous humor

Clear jelly in the eye, light must pass through to reach the retina

Retina

group of cells that function to transduce light waves into action potentials

light travels and hits photoreceptors at back of eye, light is then transduced into action potentions

photoreceptors (rods and cones) → bipolar cells → retinal ganglion cells → optic nerve

Fovea

specific point where what you are focusing on falls on the retina

Macula

area that surrounds fovea (1.5 mm in diameter)

Macular Degeneration

causes blindness in center field of view, more common in caucasians

3 types of cones in the retina

red, blue, green

• red and green cones encoded on x-chromosmes

Rods

• 120 million

• light sensitive (not color), low detail, in periphery of retina

Cones

• 6 million

• color sensitive, high detail, found mostly in fovea

Visual Pathway Overview

• everything to right of center goes to L hemisphere

• things to the left of center stays in R hemisphere

• Retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm

Outputs of Retina

• 90% to thalamus

• 10% to superior colliculus (midbrain)

Bioncular Vision

binocular cells in V1 that get input from both eyes

Strabismus

cross-eyed/wall-eyed

Dorsal stream (where pathway)

where are things in the visual world

Ventral thing (what pathway)

perception of individual things

Blind sight

• those who cannot see, but can move out of the way of something coming at them

• unconscious vision 

Sex

biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. XX (female) or XY (male)

Gender

socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women

Gonad development (male)

SRY genes, tesostrone main male hormone

Female development

no SRY gene, estrogen is the main female hormone

Pituitary gland (Master Gland)

regulates endocrine glands

Endocrine glands

• pineal, adrenal, testes and ovaries

• releases sex hormones

Posterior Pituitary

• oxytocin (uterine contractions and lactations) petocin

• vasopressin (regulates water retention and social behavior)

Anterior Pituitary

prolactin (milk production)

Pheromone

a chemical secreted by an animal that influences the behavior or development of a conspecific 

Sex Pheromone

chemical that specifically functions as an attractant to a conspecific 

McClintok Effect

• period synching

• evolutionary designed to give birth at the same time

Areolar Skin Secretion

nipple attachment at breast-feeding

Neurotransmitters are broken down by which are chemicals in the synapse by astrocytes, which participate in the process of , and by the axon terminals of neurons themselves, which participate in the process of        .

enzymes, siphoning, reuptake

Absorption is defined as the movement of a druf into the blood stream, and therea re many factors that influence it, including genetic factors,

sex, age, and body size

Metabolic tolerance

characterized by increase of enzynes from the liver which function to break down a drug

Functional tolerance

down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors in brain

Lidocaine and novocain when injected in the mouth go to the . Drug works by blocking channels, which prevent action potentional in response to pain

trigenidal nerve. NA+

SSRI

selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor