Forensics Test

Operon

• A cluster of genes that are controlled together and transcribed as a single unit in prokaryotic cells (like bacteria)

• A switch to control when active 

• gene that turns on and off other genes 

Transformation

bacteria take in DNA from their environment

Transduction

Viruses transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

Conjugation 

Two bacteria connect through a direct contact (usually called pilus) and transfer plasma directly 

Virulence

• how harmful or severe a disease causing microorganism (like a bacterium, virus, or fungus) 

• measures of how strongly a pathogen can cause a disease 

• A. how contagious 

• B. how well it survives outside the body 

retrovirus

a type of RNA virus that uses a very unusual method to reproduce. It copes it’s RNA into DNA and inserts DNA into the hosts genome. 

• Reverse 

• changing 

• extremely persistent and difficult to eliminate or vaccinate against 

Importance of using a sterile inoculating loop each time?

That way you can’t contaminate anything else while testing 

What color does gram positive bacteria stain?

Purple/Blue

What color does gram negative stain?

Red/Pink

what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative? 

Positive has a thick cell wall while negative has a thin cell wall 

what temperatures do infectious bacteria grow best at?

37 degrees C, 96 degrees F - body temp

how many chromosomes does a bacteria cell contain?

One circular chromosome

What is a vaccine? 

A substance that helps your body build protection against a disease. It helps train your immune system to recognize and fight germs.

what was the first vaccine? Who discovered it?

small pox vaccine in the 1700’s created by Edward Jenner

Why are antibiotics not effective overtime?

The bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic overtime

What was the first antibiotic?

Penicillin 

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Alex Fleming 

Name some cures for viruses

N/A can only treat symptoms not get rid of them

Why can’t all viruses be vaccinated against

Rapid viral mutation - they keep adapting

Why should EBOLA be feared more than HIV

EBOLA is caught from simple contact and considered very contagious while HIV is caught through bodily fluids

what is the benefit of an envelope to a virus?

invades the immune system and helps the virus hide (a disguise) 

purpose of the surface marker proteins on cells in humans 

identification- so it recognizes your own cells rather than others 

How could transformation of bacteria be used as a weapon

becomes more resistant and gains beneficial variation

what is a plasmid

small circular gene that’s outside the bacteria’s chromosome

Members of Herpes that affect humans

• HSV 1

• cold sores

• chicken pox

• they hide inside of your DNA

Why can’t all Herpes be eliminated from human population?

Because of it’s ability to hide

Rabinos

two positive, two negative 

3 had growth one didn’t 

what caused the bacteria to transform or take up the plasmid in the pGlo lab?

Temp stress from going hot to cold