Conrad and Hull (1964)

aim

investigate the phonological similarity effect (whether it is harder/easier to remember sounds that are similar)

method

experiment with repeated measures

procedure

Participants were required to recall a list of letters

Condition 1: phonological similar letters (B, C, D, P, E)

Condition 2: phonological dissimilar letters (F, H, P, R, X)

results

condition 1 was more difficult to remember for the participants

conclusion

similar sounding letters were easier to confuse with each other, this provides evidence for the phonological store since sound is held in a passive manner so it can get confused

suggestion in terms of cognitive approach and memory model

suggests that short-term memory encodes information acoustically, supporting the Working Memory Model by providing evidence for the role of the phonological loop