key studies in learning (Behaviorism Ap Psych)

lvan pavlov

classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning

paired a bell with an US (food)

John Watson

little emotional Albert

Little Emotional Albert

conditioned a baby to associate white rats with a loud noise and fear them

BF Skinner

operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

Involves forming an association between a behavior and the consequences for that behavior (Rats)

Edward Thorndike

law of effect

Law of Effect

behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely (cat in box)

Keller Breland

instinctive drift

Instinctive Drift

tendency of conditioned behavior to gradually return to a more innate behavior (Raccoon washing coins)

Martin Seligman

learned helplessness

Learned helplessness

feeling powerless to change a situation due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable events

Wolfgang Kohler

insight

Insight

abrupt realization of a problems solution

John Garcia

taste aversion

Taste Aversion

can occur when eating a substance is followed by illness, even at extended length of time

Edward Tolman

latent learning and cognitive maps

Latent learning

learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Cognitive maps

a mental representation of the physical features in the environment

Robert Rescorla

contingency theory

Contingency theory

Cognitive component to learning, for learning to take place, a stimulus must provide the subject info about the likelihood that certain events will occur

Albert bandura

social/observational learning and reciprocal determinism

Social/Observational learning

learning through watching others retain the info and later replicating the behaviors observed

Reciprocal Determinism

an individual behavior influences and is influenced by both the social world and personal characteristics