World War 1

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(crown prince) heir to Austrian throne from 1896: assassinated on June 28, 1914 during good-will mission in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbians, sparking WWI

Militarism

A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests

Nationalism

Pride for your country

Imperialism

A stronger nation taking over a weaker nation

total war

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion

armistice

A temporary peace agreement to end fighting.

unrestricted submarine warfare

A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters. President Wilson believed that this action by Germany violated the laws of neutrality, and when Germany went back on their promise to stop, Wilson asked Congress to declare war.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. President Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference.

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I

Allies of World War I

Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917.

Central Powers

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

alliance system

The alliance system in Europe was a major cause of World War 1.

Woodrow Wilson

Winner of 1912 and 1916 elections. World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)

Zimmerman Telegram

A coded message sent by Germany to try to get Mexico to attack the US

Lusitania

British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.

stalemate

A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.

Versailles Peace Treaty

The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

U-boat

German submarine - u boat is short of the German word, Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)

Belguim

Germany invaded France through this country, which effectively brought Great Britain into the war.

isolationists

People who wanted the United States to stay out of world affairs

The Big Four

US, Britain, France, Italy

Self-determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

War Guilt Clause (Treaty of Versailles)

An article in the Treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilians damages caused by the fighting.

War Industries Board

Agency that increased industrial production; set priorities for goods to be made, fixed prices, & standardized products

Committee on Public Information

government organization that produced propaganda to build support for the war

Eugene V. Debs

Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he gave a speech urging resistance to the draft. Arrested for 10 counts of sedition.

Charles Schenck

Convicted by the U.S. government of distributing anti-draft pamphlets

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax & helped fund WWI

Liberty Bonds

sold to American people to raise money for the war efforts

Rationing

Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military

Victory Gardens

Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

influenza

nearly 600,000 Americans lost their lives to this between 1918 and 1919

United States

Nation that emerged as the overriding economic world power at the end of WWI

"Make the world safe for democracy"

President Wilson persuaded the American people to enter WWI by declaring this

Senate

Legislative body in Congress that has the power to ratify treaties

League of Nations

The most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles. The Senate believed it robbed Congress of it's power to declare war because it would force us to get involved in world conflicts.

Isolationism

Foreign policy that the US adopts after WWI.

neutrality

Policy that the US adopted at the beginning of the war, but became increasingly difficult as America wanted to maintain freedom of the seas to trade with Europe

Sinking of the Lusitania

May of 1915, off the coast of Ireland. 1,195 perished, including 123 Americans.

Women's suffrage

Wilson felt pressured to grant women the right to vote after all of their help and support during the war.

Selective Service Act

Gave Congress the power to enact a draft for the war

Vittorio Orlando

He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Sided more with the USA at the conference to NOT severely punish Germany. Angry that Italy was promised land that they never received.

Woodrow Wilson

Knew that punishing Germany was a bad idea. Pushed for self-determination.

David Lloyd George

the British prime minister, had just won reelection on the slogan "Make Germany Pay." Didn't want to destroy the German economy, but punished them because of their alliance to France

George Clemenceau

French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919. Pushed for heavy reparations from Germans. Wanted to get lost territory back and set up strict rules to de-arm them.