Imperialism unit 2 people

King Kalakaua

he last king of Hawaii; forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution (1887), which gave U.S. businessmen significant control over the Hawaiian government.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last monarch of Hawaii; tried to restore native power but was overthrown in 1893 by U.S. planters and Sanford Dole with U.S. military support.

William Seward

Secretary of State (Lincoln & Johnson); purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 (“Seward’s Folly”); supported U.S. expansionism

Alfred T. Mahan

Naval officer and author of The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890); argued that strong navies and overseas bases were key to world power

Sanford B. Dole

U.S. businessman and lawyer; led the coup against Queen Liliʻuokalani; became first president of the Republic of Hawaii; supported U.S. annexation

Jose Marti

Cuban nationalist, poet, and revolutionary who led the movement for Cuban independence from Spain; became a martyr after being killed in battle

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish general in Cuba; created reconcentration camps (“Reconcentrados”) to suppress Cuban rebels — labeled “The Butcher” by U.S. press

William McKinley

U.S. President (1897–1901); led the nation during the Spanish–American War; supported annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines

George Dewey

.S. naval commander who defeated the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay (Philippines) in 1898 — key early victory of the Spanish–American War

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement; fought alongside the U.S. against Spain, then led rebellion against U.S. annexation (1899–1902)

John Hay

U.S. Secretary of State; issued the Open Door Notes (1899–1900) to ensure equal trading rights in China and preserve Chinese territorial integrity

Joseph Pulitzer

Newspaper publisher of New York World; pioneer of yellow journalism that sensationalized events to stir public support for war

William Randolph Hearst

Newspaper magnate of New York Journal; competed with Pulitzer in spreading exaggerated stories that fueled pro-war sentiment

San Juan Hill

A key battle in the Spanish-American War (1898) in Cuba, famous for the charge of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders.

Luiz Munoz Rivera

Puerto Rican poet and political leader who advocated for greater self-government under U.S. control after annexation (Foraker Act)

William taft

Governor of the Philippines (1901–1904) and later U.S. President; promoted Dollar Diplomacy—using economic investment to expand influence

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader who raided U.S. border towns; prompted U.S. military expedition into Mexico (1916)

Emiliano Zapata

Definition: Mexican revolutionary leader advocating land reform; opposed foreign (esp. U.S.) interference in Mexican affairs

General John J. Pershing

U.S. general sent by Wilson to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico (1916); later led U.S. troops in WWI

Theodore Roosevelt

Led the Rough Riders in Cuba; as president (1901–1909), pursued Big Stick Diplomacy and built the Panama Canal

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President (1913–1921); promoted Moral Diplomacy—supporting democracy abroad—but intervened in Latin America and Mexico

Commodore Perry

U.S. naval officer who opened Japan to trade and diplomacy in 1854 (Treaty of Kanagawa); early example of U.S. Pacific expansion