CSD Exam 3

True or False: The smaller the hearing aid, the less volume it can provide

True

What hearing aids to veterans like but isn't very common?

Eyeglass aid

Circuits fall into 3 basic categories for hearing aids

Conventional analogue, Programmable analogue, and digital

If bone conduction testing is equal to air conduction testing then then the loss can be localized to the ...

inner ear and deeper

What is bone conduction testing?

A bone vibrator is placed on forehead or behind ear.

What is air conduction?

Uses headphones (insert or supra-aural)

Sound travels through outer, middle, and inner ear

Different parts of Pinna

Helix(top of ear first fold, anti-helix (second fold of skin in ear), concha (bowl of ear), tragus (little piece where you can close your ear over)

If bone conduction is normal and air conduction show a hearing loss then the loss can be localized to the ...

outer or middle ear

What is the most common circuit for hearing aids?

digital

What does can make changes in situ mean?

while in the patient's ear

What are the arguments by the hearing culture in favor of cochlear implants?

Don't want kids to feel like an outcast

Give them their best life and be like others

Who does well with a cochlear implant?

Younger children do better

Who does not do well with a cochlear implant?

Someone who has been deaf for a while and didn't start at a young age

Harder for an adult to learn language and speech

transmitting coil

Connects to head via magnet which is placed under skin

Transmits signal through the skin to an internal receiver

How cochlear implant works?

Microphone picks up the sound

Signal is sent to the processor

Signal is manipulated then sent to transmitting coil

Signal crosses skin to internal receiver

Internal receiver sends electrical impulse to electrode array

The electrodes essentially by pass the damaged cochlea and stimulate the auditory nerve directly

Is Right ear O or X?

O (red)

Is left ear O or X?

X (blue)

True or false: Hearing aids take advantage of residual hearing

True

Two things a patient must decide on when choosing a hearing aid

First thing is the size and the physical appearance

The second thing is the circuit

What is going to make that hearing aid work

Independent decisions

Who is the best candidate for hearing aids?

Mildly sloping loss with a high word discrimination percentage

Why must children wear behind-the-ear hearing aids?

Stay on better

A hearing aid will break on the outside of the body when playing sports

Hearing aids are extremely expensive

As kids get bigger, they change one piece in the ear

What is the difference between speech and language?

Speech involves the sounds used in communication, while language refers to the thought process behind spoken words.

What are the four portions of the speech production mechanism?

Respiratory system, phonatory system, articulatory system, and resonance.

What is the primary biological function of the respiratory system?

Oxygen exchange.

What is vegetative breathing?

Resting breathing that occurs without conscious thought.

What happens during the reflexive phase of breathing?

Muscles contract, the chest wall expands, and air rushes into the lungs.

What are the three natural forces involved in exhalation?

Elastic recoil of the rib cage, torque, and gravity.

How does speech breathing differ from biological breathing?

Speech breathing has a phase length ratio of 15% inhalation to 85% exhalation, while biological breathing is roughly 50/50.

What is the role of the larynx in the phonatory mechanism?

It prevents food, water, and dust from entering the lungs and expels foreign substances.

What are the vocal folds responsible for?

They serve as the sound source by vibrating during speech.

What is the process of phonation?

Vocal folds close, exhalation builds pressure beneath them, causing them to be blown apart and release a puff of air.

How can pitch be altered?

By changing the length, mass, and tension of the vocal folds.

What is resonance in the context of speech?

The quality of voice that makes one voice distinct from another.

What is the function of the velum?

It separates the oral and nasal cavities during speech.

What are the two types of articulators?

Mobile (lips, jaw, velum, tongue) and static (teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge).

What does the source filter theory describe?

It explains how sound energy produced by the vocal folds is modified by the pharynx, soft palate, nasal cavity, tongue, and lips.

What is the biological function of the larynx?

To protect the airway and facilitate sound production.

What is the significance of the thyroid cartilage?

It is the largest cartilage of the larynx and provides structure.

What happens to vocal folds during quiet breathing?

They remain open (abducted).

What is aspiration in relation to the larynx?

It occurs when food or liquid enters the trachea instead of the esophagus.

What role do abdominal muscles play in speech?

They help control exhalation and prevent air from escaping too quickly.

What is the primary function of the articulatory system?

To modify the airway for meaningful speech.

How does the ear compensate for impedance mismatch?

The ear naturally amplifies the signal.

What transformations of energy occur in the ear?

Sound waves are transformed into mechanical vibrations and then into neural signals.

What transforms acoustic energy to mechanical energy in the ear?

The outer ear transforms acoustic energy into mechanical energy in the middle ear.

What is the function of the outer ear?

Protects deeper structures, amplifies high frequency sounds, and aids in sound localization.

What are the parts of the outer ear?

Pinna, External Auditory Meatus, and Tympanic Membrane.

What is cerumen and its purpose?

Cerumen is ear wax that protects the ear by repelling insects and preventing foreign bodies.

incus

a small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations between the malleus and stapes.

malleus

a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations of the eardrum to the incus.

stapes

stirrup; last of the three auditory ossicles of the middle ear

What are the ossicles in the middle ear?

Three tiny bones: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes.

What is the order of ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?

TM → Malleus → Incus → Stapes → Oval Window.

What is the function of the Eustachian Tube?

Allows air to enter the middle ear and fluid to drain from it.

What is the primary function of the middle ear?

Amplifies incoming signals and protects the inner ear.

What are the three sections of the cochlea?

Scala vestibuli, Scala media, and Scala tympani.

What is the function of the Organ of Corti?

Houses hair cells that provide synaptic junctions to the auditory nerve.

What types of energy transformations occur in the inner ear?

Acoustic to mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical energy transformations.

What is the role of the cerebrum?

Responsible for higher brain functions including memory, planning, and executive functioning.

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinates and times movements.

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal lobes.

What is Broca's area responsible for?

Speech production.

What is Wernicke's area responsible for?

Comprehension of language.

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A group of axons that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas.

What is aphasia?

An acquired disorder of language affecting speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.

What are the four main types of aphasia?

Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia, Conduction aphasia, and Global aphasia.

What does contralateral control refer to?

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

Connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

What is the significance of the traveling wave in the cochlea?

It progresses through the cochlea and is relieved at the round window, corresponding to the frequency of the signal.

What is the role of hair cells in the inner ear?

They fire signals to the 8th cranial nerve, converting mechanical energy into electrical signals.

What is non-fluent aphasia?

A type of aphasia caused by a stroke or lesion in Broca's area, characterized by decreased verbal output and effortful speech.

What are the main characteristics of Broca's Aphasia?

Nonfluent conversation, decreased verbal output, increased effort in speaking, agrammatism, difficulty with naming, and better comprehension than production.

What is Wernicke's Aphasia?

A type of fluent aphasia where individuals have difficulty understanding and repeating language, often producing paraphasic speech and neologisms.

What is conduction aphasia?

A type of aphasia resulting from a lesion between Broca's and Wernicke's areas, characterized by intact comprehension but very poor repetition ability.

What defines global aphasia?

A severe form of aphasia where both expressive and receptive language abilities are significantly impaired, often leaving the person nearly mute.

What is the critical window for language acquisition?

The period from birth to roughly puberty when the brain is most receptive to learning new languages.

What is the function of a diagnostic audiometer?

A complex device used in clinical settings to assess hearing, offering options for speech testing and special tests.

What is the primary function of a screening audiometer?

To perform basic hearing tests, adjusting frequency and decibel levels to assess hearing ability.

What are the types of headphones used in audiometry?

Circumaural, aural, insert earphones, and specialized types for pediatric/geriatric use.

What is bone conduction testing?

A method that uses a vibrating box placed on the mastoid process to stimulate the cochlea directly.

What does the term 'threshold' refer to in hearing tests?

The least intensity required for a patient to perceive an auditory stimulus 50% of the time.

What are the degrees of hearing loss based on dB HL?

Normal hearing: < 26 dB; Mild loss: 26-40 dB; Moderate loss: 41-55 dB; Moderately severe loss: 56-70 dB; Severe loss: 71-90 dB; Profound loss: >90 dB.

What is conductive hearing loss?

Hearing loss due to problems in the outer or middle ear, confirmed by air-bone gaps. Poor air conduction and normal bone conduction

What defines sensorineural hearing loss?

Hearing loss due to inner ear or central system pathology, characterized by the absence of air-bone gaps. Poor air conduction and just as poor bone conduction

What is mixed hearing loss?

A combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, indicated by air-bone gaps with abnormal bone conduction. Poor air conduction and not as poor bone conduction

What are the advantages of behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids?

Sturdiness, ability to fit more circuitry, and suitability for severe/profound losses.

What are the disadvantages of in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids?

Exposure to ear wax and moisture, smaller size leading to fewer components.

What is the function of feedback cancellation in hearing aids?

To eliminate annoying whistling sounds caused by feedback when the microphone is too close to the receiver.

What is the difference between programmable and digital hearing aids?

Programmable aids can be adjusted in situ, while digital aids use a digital signal processor for clearer sound and better noise management.

What is logorrhea?

Excessive verbal output often seen in individuals with Wernicke's aphasia.

What are neologisms?

Nonsense words created by individuals with Wernicke's aphasia.

What is agrammatism?

A speech pattern characterized by shortened sentences and omission of grammatical elements, often seen in Broca's aphasia.

What is the role of the arcuate fasciculus in conduction aphasia?

It connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas; damage here leads to poor repetition ability.

What is the significance of the cone of light in otoscopy?

A reflection seen on a healthy eardrum indicating normal ear health.

What is the purpose of masking in audiometry?

To prevent cross-hearing during tests by delivering static noise to the non-test ear.

What is the difference between binaural and monaural fittings?

Binaural fittings use two hearing aids for symmetric hearing loss, while monaural uses one.

What are the advantages of binaural fitting?

Better sound localization, less volume requirements, better resolution in noise, and avoids auditory deprivation.

What does Medicare cover regarding hearing aids?

Medicare does not cover hearing aids.

What are FM systems used for?

FM systems are used in schools to transmit a teacher's voice directly to a student's ear, reducing vocal strain on the teacher.

What are the external components of a cochlear implant?

Microphone, speech processor, and transmitting coil.