AP History Unit 3

What caused the French and Indian War (1754–1763)?

Competition between Britain and France over North American territory, especially the Ohio River Valley.

What treaty ended the war, and what were its terms?

The Treaty of Paris (1763) — France lost nearly all North American colonies; Britain gained Canada and lands east of the Mississippi.

How did the war change British–colonial relations?

It left Britain with heavy debt → new taxes; colonists felt more independent after fighting alongside British troops.

Name three major British acts that angered colonists.

The Stamp Act (1765), Townshend Acts (1767), and Tea Act (1773)

What slogan summarized colonial resistance to taxation?

“No taxation without representation!”

How did the French and Indian War alter the balance of power among European nations in North America?

Britain became the dominant power, France was expelled, and Spain gained Louisiana west of the Mississippi — shifting colonial and Native alliances.

Why did British officials feel justified imposing taxes after 1763?

They argued colonists should help pay for their own defense and the cost of maintaining troops in the colonies.

How did colonial unity shift from 1754 to 1776?

The war fostered early cooperation (Albany Plan), and later British policies transformed resistance into a united independence movement.

What made the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 significant?

It marked the first coordinated intercolonial protest, asserting that only colonial legislatures could tax citizens.

How did Enlightenment ideas challenge traditional authority?

They emphasized individual rights, reason, and self-government over monarchy and inherited privilege.

Compare John Locke’s ideas with Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence

Both argued that government is based on consent of the governed and must protect natural rights — Jefferson replaced “property” with “pursuit of happiness.”

Why did the British fail to win the war despite military superiority?

Distance, lack of loyalist support, underestimation of colonial resolve, and the alliance between the U.S. and France undermined British control.

Name two advantages the British had in the war.

A strong navy and well-trained army with abundant resources.

What ended the war and recognized U.S. independence?

The Treaty of Paris (1783).

Why was the Battle of Saratoga (1777) significant?

It convinced France to formally ally with the U.S.

What was “Republican Motherhood”?

The belief that women should teach republican virtues to children and strengthen the new nation.

How did revolutionary ideals affect slavery?

Led to gradual emancipation in the North, but slavery remained entrenched in the South.

How did the Revolution inspire other nations?

Inspired the French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions.

Compare John Locke’s ideas with Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence.

Both argued that government is based on consent of the governed and must protect natural rights — Jefferson replaced “property” with “pursuit of happiness.”

Why did the British fail to win the war despite military superiority?

Distance, lack of loyalist support, underestimation of colonial resolve, and the alliance between the U.S. and France undermined British control.

How did the war affect Native Americans?

Many tribes sided with Britain; after the war, U.S. expansion accelerated westward, often violating earlier promises.

What was the role of women during the Revolution, and how did it shape later reform movements?

Women managed farms, businesses, and supported troops; the “Republican Motherhood” ideal later encouraged women’s education and early feminism.

Why did the Articles of Confederation purposely create a weak central government?

Fear of tyranny — the founders wanted to preserve state sovereignty and avoid repeating Britain’s centralized control.

How did Shays’ Rebellion influence the Constitutional Convention?

It highlighted federal weakness in quelling internal unrest, convincing elites that stronger national authority was needed

Why was the Northwest Ordinance both a success and a contradiction?

It created an orderly process for statehood and banned slavery north of the Ohio River — but Native lands were taken without consent.

Which of the following was a key result of the French and Indian War?
A. Native Americans gained significant territory west of the Appalachians
B. Britain incurred large debts, prompting taxation of colonies
C. France permanently controlled the Mississippi River valley
D. The colonies immediately sought independence

B

How did the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise reveal tensions between regions?

They balanced political power between populous and smaller states, and between slave and free states — previewing future sectional conflict.

What did Madison argue, and why is it historically significant?

Madison argued that a large republic could best control factions — a defense of pluralism and the extended republic idea.

Why did Anti-Federalists oppose ratification?

They feared centralized tyranny, loss of states’ rights, and absence of a Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms.

How did Hamilton’s financial plan strengthen federal power?

It assumed state debts, created a national bank, and tied wealthy elites to federal success — expanding federal authority over states.

What did the Whiskey Rebellion demonstrate about the new Constitution?

The federal government had both the right and ability to enforce laws — unlike under the Articles.

How did foreign policy divide early political parties?

Federalists favored Britain (trade, stability); Democratic-Republicans favored France (revolutionary ideals).

Why was the Jay Treaty controversial?

It eased tensions with Britain but angered pro-French Americans and was seen as a betrayal of revolutionary principles.

How did the Alien and Sedition Acts test constitutional limits?

They restricted speech and targeted immigrants — prompting the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which introduced the idea of nullification.

What is nullification

Nullification is a legal theory asserting that a state has the right to invalidate any federal law it deems unconstitutional

Compare the outcomes of the American Revolution to those of the French or Haitian Revolutions.

The American Revolution created a stable democracy; the French and Haitian revolutions became more radical, showing how different contexts shaped liberty movements.

How did debates over government power in the 1790s foreshadow later conflicts?

Federal vs. state authority and the limits of civil liberty reappeared in later crises (Civil War, Reconstruction, New Deal).

What continuity existed between colonial self-rule and the U.S. Constitution?

Both reflected traditions of representative government — colonial assemblies influenced Congress’s structure and powers.

The U.S. Revolution had long-term effects on global politics because:
A. It inspired revolutions in France, Haiti, and Latin America
B. It established a model for peaceful transition of power
C. It immediately ended slavery in all Western nations
D. It encouraged anti-colonial movements

A,B, D

Which of the following were consequences of the French and Indian War for the British Empire? (Select all that apply)
A. Increased national debt and the imposition of new taxes on colonies
B. Strengthened alliances with Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley
C. The expansion of colonial territory east of the Mississippi
D. Heightened colonial resentment over lack of representation

A,C,D

The Articles of Confederation failed to provide an effective national government primarily because:
A. States retained too much sovereignty
B. Congress lacked the power to levy taxes
C. The executive branch had too much authority
D. There was no national court system

A,B,D

Which statements correctly describe the debates at the Constitutional Convention? (Select all)
A. Large states wanted representation based on population (Virginia Plan)
B. Small states preferred equal representation (New Jersey Plan)
C. Northern states supported counting enslaved people fully for representation
D. Southern states resisted federal regulation of commerce

A,B,D

Which acts imposed by Britain directly led to the creation of the Committees of Correspondence?
A. Stamp Act and Townshend Acts
B. Proclamation of 1763 and Navigation Acts
C. Sugar Act and Intolerable Acts
D. Quartering Act and Quebec Act

A

Which of the following statements about the Articles of Confederation is correct?
A. Congress could tax citizens directly
B. There was no executive branch
C. States had limited sovereignty
D. It provided a strong national judiciary

B

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
A. Banned slavery in new territories north of the Ohio River
B. Allowed states to levy their own tariffs
C. Created a strong national army
D. Gave Native Americans full land rights

A

Which compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved disputes over representation?
A. Three-Fifths Compromise
B. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)
C. Commerce Compromise
D. Electoral College

B

Which statement about Federalist No. 10 is true?
A. Madison warned that factions could not be controlled in a large republic
B. It argued a strong national government would suppress state governments
C. It argued that a large republic could control factions through representation
D. It opposed ratification of the Constitution

C

The Alien and Sedition Acts:
A. Strengthened freedom of the press
B. Targeted immigrants and limited political opposition
C. Were supported by Thomas Jefferson
D. Were repealed immediately by Congress

B

Which of the following foreign policy issues divided Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?
A. Alliance with France vs. Britain
B. Admission of new states
C. Expansion of slavery westward
D. Implementation of the Bill of Rights

A

Which of the following best explains Shays’ Rebellion?
A. Tax protests by western farmers in Massachusetts
B. A Native American uprising
C. A British loyalist movement after the Revolution
D. Disputes over foreign alliances

A

The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the Revolutionary War and:
A. Left Britain in control of Florida
B. Guaranteed Native American land sovereignty
C. Recognized U.S. independence and ceded territory to the Mississippi River
D. Required American repayment of pre-war debts only to France

C

The main argument of the Anti-Federalists was:
A. Strong central government would be efficient and just
B. States’ rights were necessary to prevent tyranny
C. The executive branch should control Congress
D. Representation should be based on population alone

B

Which action demonstrates the first peaceful transfer of power under the U.S. Constitution?
A. Washington serving two terms
B. The Jay Treaty
C. Adams’ administration passing the Alien Acts
D. Jefferson’s election in 1800

D

Which of the following illustrates the global influence of the American Revolution?
A. The Haitian Revolution
B. The Napoleonic Wars in Europe
C. The Reign of Terror
D. The War of 1812

A

Which of the following contributed to sectional tension during the Constitutional Convention?
A. Debate over counting enslaved people for representation
B. Disagreement over the national bank
C. Conflicts over tariff policies
D. Foreign policy alignment with Britain or France

A

What was one major economic weakness under the Articles of Confederation?
A. Congress could levy tariffs on imports
B. States could print money leading to inflation
C. A national bank stabilized the economy
D. Interstate commerce was fully regulated

B

Which of the following was NOT a result of Hamilton’s financial plan?
A. Federal assumption of state debts
B. Creation of a national bank
C. Encouragement of state sovereignty over federal power
D. Excise taxes on whiskey

C

Which of the following best explains why the French and Indian War led to colonial taxation?
A. Britain had won significant land and needed to defend it
B. Colonists requested more taxes to pay for troops
C. Native Americans imposed tribute on the British
D. France demanded repayment of war loans

A

Which of the following was a key result of the French and Indian War?
A. Native Americans gained significant territory west of the Appalachians
B. Britain incurred large debts, prompting taxation of colonies
C. France permanently controlled the Mississippi River valley
D. The colonies immediately sought independence

B

Which acts imposed by Britain directly led to the creation of the Committees of Correspondence?
A. Sugar Act and Intolerable Acts
B. Quartering Act and Quebec Act
C. Stamp Act and Townshend Acts
D. Proclamation of 1763 and Navigation Acts

C

Which of the following statements about the Articles of Confederation is correct?
A. Congress could tax citizens directly
B. There was no executive branch
C. States had limited sovereignty

D. It provided a strong national judiciary

B

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
A. Allowed states to levy their own tariffs
B. Created a strong national army
C. Gave Native Americans full land rights
D. Banned slavery in new territories north of the Ohio River

D

Which compromise at the Constitutional Convention resolved disputes over representation?
A. Three-Fifths Compromise
B. Commerce Compromise
C. Electoral College
D. Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

D

The Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts primarily illustrate:
A. Britain’s desire to punish loyalist colonists.
B. The shift from salutary neglect to direct imperial control.
C. The colonies’ immediate desire for independence.
D. The failure of colonial resistance strategies.

B

Which of the following BEST explains how the French and Indian War led to a shift in British-colonial relations?
A. Colonists gained confidence from military experience and expected political concessions.
B. Britain removed all taxes from the colonies after the war.
C. Native Americans gained significant power, limiting colonial expansion.
D. The colonies became more reliant on British troops for protection.

A

The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to:
A. Encourage westward colonial expansion.
B. Protect Native American lands and reduce frontier conflict.
C. Support colonial merchants in Ohio Valley trade.
D. Grant independence to western colonies.

B

Which of the following BEST reflects the significance of the Declaration of Independence?
A. It served as a legal document giving Britain control over the colonies.
B. It justified rebellion using Enlightenment ideas of natural rights.
C. It immediately ended slavery in all colonies.
D. It created a national government under the Articles of Confederation.

B

Which of the following was a consequence of the Articles of Confederation?
A. A strong executive branch with veto power
B. A weak central government unable to levy taxes or regulate trade
C. A strong national judiciary
D. Uniform economic policies across all states

B

Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787) was significant because it:
A. Demonstrated the strength of the federal government.
B. Highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
C. Caused immediate amendments to the Constitution.
D. Resulted in the creation of a national bank.

B

Which statement BEST describes the role of compromises in the Constitutional Convention?
A. They ensured small states had more power than large states.
B. They resolved sectional tensions over representation and slavery.
C. They eliminated slavery entirely from the new nation.
D. They granted women full political rights.

B

Alexander Hamilton’s financial program was controversial primarily because:
A. It favored northern creditors over southern states.
B. It abolished the national debt.
C. It immediately caused the Whiskey Rebellion.
D. It removed tariffs entirely.

A

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–1799) were significant because they:
A. Asserted states’ rights to declare federal laws unconstitutional.
B. Strengthened the power of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
C. Led to immediate nullification of federal taxes.
D. Supported the Federalist Party’s control of government.

A

The Jay Treaty (1794) and Pinckney Treaty (1795) reflected which aspect of early U.S. foreign policy?
A. Isolationism and refusal to engage in European diplomacy
B. Attempts to maintain neutrality while protecting American economic interests
C. Full alignment with France in response to the French Revolution
D. Declaration of war against Britain and Spain

B

Which of the following BEST explains how the French and Indian War shifted British-colonial relations?
A. Colonists expected political concessions after gaining military experience
B. Britain removed all taxes from the colonies
C. Native Americans gained significant power
D. Colonists relied more on British troops

A

The Sugar Act, Stamp Act, and Townshend Acts primarily illustrate:
A. Britain punishing loyalist colonists
B. Shift from salutary neglect to direct imperial control
C. Colonies’ immediate desire for independence
D. Failure of colonial resistance strategies

B

The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to:
A. Encourage westward expansion
B. Protect Native American lands and reduce frontier conflict
C. Support colonial merchants in Ohio Valley trade
D. Grant independence to western colonies

B

Which of the following BEST reflects the significance of the Declaration of Independence?
A. Legal document giving Britain control
B. Justified rebellion using Enlightenment ideas of natural rights
C. Ended slavery in all colonies
D. Created a national government under the Articles

B

Which was a consequence of the Articles of Confederation?
A. Strong executive branch with veto power
B. Weak central government unable to tax or regulate trade
C. Strong national judiciary
D. Uniform economic policies

B

Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787) was significant because it:
A. Demonstrated federal strength
B. Highlighted weaknesses of the Articles
C. Caused immediate amendments to the Constitution
D. Led to creation of national bank

B

The Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise resolved disputes over:
A. Taxation
B. Representation and slavery
C. Judicial power
D. Foreign trade

B

Alexander Hamilton’s financial program was controversial primarily because:
A. Favored northern creditors over southern states
B. Abolished the national debt
C. Caused the Whiskey Rebellion immediately
D. Removed tariffs entirely

A

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798–1799) were significant because:
A. Asserted states’ rights to nullify federal laws
B. Strengthened Alien and Sedition Acts
C. Led to immediate nullification of taxes
D. Supported the Federalist Party

A

The Jay Treaty (1794) and Pinckney Treaty (1795) reflected:
A. Isolationism
B. Neutrality while protecting U.S. economic interests
C. Full alignment with France
D. Declaration of war against Britain and Spain

B

Which Enlightenment thinker MOST influenced the Declaration of Independence?
A. Voltaire
B. Montesquieu
C. John Locke
D. Rousseau

C

The Battle of Saratoga (1777) was significant because:
A. Ended the war
B. Convinced France to ally with Americans
C. Was a major British victory
D. Led to Shays’ Rebellion

B

Which of the following reflects the ideas of Republican Motherhood?
A. Women should serve in political office
B. Women should educate children in civic virtue
C. Women should inherit property equally with men
D. Women should lead anti-slavery movements

B

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
A. Allowed states to levy tariffs
B. Created a strong national army
C. Gave Native Americans full land rights
D. Banned slavery in territories north of the Ohio River

D

Which of the following BEST explains why colonists protested the Stamp Act?
A. It taxed legal documents and newspapers without colonial consent
B. It forced colonists to serve in the military
C. It prohibited westward expansion
D. It banned colonial assemblies

A

The Treaty of Paris (1783) accomplished all EXCEPT:
A. Recognized U.S. independence
B. Granted land to the Mississippi River
C. Ended major combat
D. Immediately abolished slavery

D

The Proclamation Line of 1763 primarily sought to:
A. Limit westward colonial expansion to prevent Native conflicts
B. Encourage trade with Native tribes
C. Promote independence movements
D. Reduce British taxes

A

The Articles of Confederation created:
A. A strong central government
B. A weak central government with limited powers
C. An executive branch with veto authority
D. A judiciary capable of enforcing federal laws

B

Which of the following led directly to the creation of the Committees of Correspondence?
A. Proclamation of 1763
B. Stamp Act and Townshend Acts
C. Intolerable Acts
D. Sugar Act only

B

Which of the following describes the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?
A. Showed the weakness of the federal government under the Articles
B. Demonstrated the power of the new federal government under the Constitution
C. Led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights
D. Resulted in mass pardons of rebel farmers

B