Ch. 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence

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12 Terms

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Parametric test

A statistical test that requires specific assumptions about population parameters (like normality and equal variances)

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Nonparametric test

A test that does not rely on population assumptions and is used with categorical or non-normal data

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Chi-Square test for goodness of fit

A test that checks whether observed frequencies match expected frequencies for one categorical variable

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Observed frequency

The actual number of cases counted in each category

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Expected frequency

The number of cases predicted for each category if the null hypothesis is true

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Chi-square statistic (x²)

A measure of how far the observed frequencies differ from expected frequencies across categories

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Chi-square distribution

A positively skewed distribution used as the reference for evaluating chi-square test statistics

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Chi-square test for independence

A test that determines whether two categorical variables are related or independent of each other

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Independent

Two variables are independent if knowing one gives no information about the other

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Cohen’s w

An effect size for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test that measures the size of the discrepancy between observed and expected frequencies

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Phi-coefficient

An effect size used when the chi-square test for independence is applied to a 2×2 table

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Cramér’s V

An effect size for chi-square tests when the table is larger than 2×2, adjusting for table size

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