crit reading

3 diff third person point of view. explain each

1) omniscient: narrator knows the inner thoughts and feelings of all the characters

2) limited: only know the thoughts of one character

3) objective/dramatic: only what can be seen

alexandrine

in English verse, a line of iambic hexameter, usually having a caesura after the third foot

unreliable narrator

accounts of events or characters is faulty, dishonest, or distorted

dynamic character

character that changes in some way—usually for the better—during the story

static character

character that remains the same throughout the story

flat character

character that has a single distinguishing trait and is not developed into a whole perosnality

stereotypes are sometimes used as (blank) to contracts with and there by highlight some aspect of the protagonist

foils

major types of conflicts (4)

1) person conflict with another person

2) person conflict with nature

3) person conflict with society

4) person conflict with him/herself

5 major parts of story

1) exposition

2) rising action (complication)

3) climax

4) falling action

5) denouement or resolution

diction

author’s choice of words

irony

contrast between what one expects and what actually occurs

3 important types of irony (explain each)

1) situational irony: occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended

2) verbal irony: when the intended meaning of a statement or a work is diff from what is literally said (sarcasm)

3) dramatic irony: when the reader and narrator are aware of something the character is unaware of

denotation

most specific or direct meaning of a word (dictionary def)

connotation

emotional associations and implications surrounding a word

what should you notice when reading a poem

word order, connotation, denotation, tone

imagery

use of sensory details provide vividness to a work of lit

other names for smell, taste, hearing, touch, movement

olfactory, gustatory, aural, tactile, kinetic

another name for figurative lang

figure of speech

figurative lang examples

metaphor, simile, hyperbole, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy

which two things are forms of verbal irony

understatemnt and hyperbole

understatemnet

lang that says less than what the situation calls for

litotes

specific form of understatement which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite

litote examples

“this is no small problem”

“today was not a good day”

“you won’t be sorry” = you’ll be glad

perosnaification can apply to animals too. T/F

T (they’re not human)

apostrophe

speaker addresses an abstract idea, an inanimate object, or person who is not present

creates a greater sense of drama and sometimes a more personal/intense relationship between speaker and object

apostrophe example

O’ death, where is thy sting? O’ grave where is they victory?

metonymy

a specific word is used in place of another word with which it is closely associated

metonymy example

“the white house issued a statement”

white house = president

synecdoche

a part of something is used to represent the whole; the whole of something is used to represent the part; the specific is used for the general, the general is used for the specific, or the material of an object is used in place of the object

synecdoche example

“hired hands” - hands = laborer; part is used to represent the whole

“may have to get the law involved” - law = police officer; whole to represent the part

paradox

statement that at first strikes us as self-contradictory but upon reflection makes some sense

paradox example

“success is counted sweetest by those who never succeed” = when someone loses an important comp, the person is painfully aware of how wonderful it would have been to have won

oxymoron

seemingly opposite or contradictory ideas or terms are combined; just a couple words (paradox is a complete thought)

oxymoron example

jumbo shrimp

allegory

narrative with a consistent second level of meaning that is more important than the literal level (symbol stretched over an entire narrative)

“so if all do their duty they need not fear harm” uses what type of irony

verbal: it actually means that the children do indeed face the potential for great harm

dramatic: as readers we’re aware of the potentially bad things that could be fall the children, while they’re unaware

different rhymes (6)

end rhyme, internal rhyme, slant rhyme, masculine rhyme, feminine rhyme, eye rhyme

end rhyme

end of lines of poetry rhyme

internal rhyme

rhyme that occurs within a line of poetry

slant rhyme

rhymes in which the vowel sounds are nearly but not exactly the same

other names for slant rhyme

near, partial, half-rhyme

feminine rhyme

the rhyme ends on an unstressed syllable (calling and falling)

eye rhyme (another name)

when words are spelled in similar ways and thus look the same but sound differently (move and love); sight rhymes

masculine rhyme

rhymes that end on a stress (today and sashay)

assonance

sound device that involves the repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds in stressed syllables or words

dolphin, torn, gong, tormented

consonance

repetition of consonant sounds that are preceded by a diff vowel sound

meter

pattern of accented and unaccented syllables

most basic unit of meter is

foot

foot

group of syllables that is comprised one accented syllable and one or more unaccented syllables

a new foot begins each time

the pattern repeats itself

scansion

process of marking the accents and dividing lines of poetry into feet

4 basic types of metrical feet

iamb: unstressed, stressed

trochee: stressed, unstressed

anapest: un, un, stre

dactyl: stress, un, un

2 less common used feet

spondee: stress, stre

pyrrhic: un, un

what is important to not about feet

note how many feet per line

names to indicate number of feet in a line of poetry

monomete: 1 foot per line

dimeter: 2 feet per line

trimeter: 3 feet per line

tetrameter: 4 feet per line

pentameter: 5 feet per line

hexameter: 6 feet per line

heptameter: 7 feet per line

octameter: 8 feet per line

most common line in English poetry

iambic pentameter

unrhymed iambic pentameter is called

blank verse

blank verse became popular becuase

it reflects the natural cadence of spoken english

free verse

poems with no fixed pattern of meter and rhyme (it still has rhythm)

caesura

a pause in a line of verse that falls in the middle of the line

end-stopped line

line of poetry that contains a complete thought and thus usually ends with a period, semicolon, or colon

run-on line (other name)

line doesn’t contain complete thought and continues from one line to the next; enjambment

names for diff stanzas with diff numbers of lines

2 line stanza: couplet

3 line: tercet

4 line: quatrain

6 line: sextet

8 line: octet or octave

lyric poem

poem that conveys a particular emotional state or state of mind rather than telling a story

terza rima

three lines stanza that rhymes

ode

lyric written to celebrate or commemorate a special occasion

long, complex, have formal diction and dignified tone

elegy

type of lyric that is a poem of lamentation and in some cases meditation or reflection

usually used to express mourning or to reflect on the solemnity of death

dramayic monolouge

lyrical poetry, features a speaker who is a specific character that is usually presented in a specific situation (no one talks just character)

2 common types of poetry

lyric poems and narrative poems

narrative poem

tell reader a story or provide an account of a particular event or a series of events (less of emotion/state of mind)

epic

long narrative form that usually involves great heroes and major events and adventures

ballad

narrative poetry, narrative song or poem that’s been passed on orally

feature repetition, dialogue, rhyme

romance

narrative poem, elements of adventure/magic/love

epigram

short, witty verse that concludes with a wry twist

limerick

comprised of 5 lines—first, second, and fifth are in trimeter, third and fourth are in dimeter (aabba)

parody

poem in which poet imitates another poet’s tone, form, or language

sonnet

lyric poem comprised of 14 lines with rhymes arranged accoridng to a particular rhyme scheme (rhyme scheme vary based on type of sonnet)

express diff aspects of single thought, feeling, mood

italian sonnet (another name)

petrarchan sonnet; rhyme scheme of abbaabba / cdecde (variation in 2nd section)

first 8-line part (octave) comprised of 2 quatrains — present theme

second 6-line part (sestet) — reflect on theme and come to conclusion

english sonnet (another name)

shakespearean sonnet; rhyme scheme of abab / cdcd / efef / gg

four part structure comprised of 3 quatrains (present examples/statements) and couplet (comments on preceding lines and gives them unexpected twist)

villanelle

fixed form that contained 19 lines of 5 tercets followed by a final quatrain

rhyme scheme: aba/aba/aba/aba/aba/abaa

first and third lines of first tercet repeat alternately as a refrain that closes succeeding stanzas and repeats to form final couplet

sestina

“song of sixes”; rarely used; six 6-line stanzas and a 3-line envoy/envoi

end words of 1st stanza are repeated in varied order as end words of other stanzas and recur in envoy

envoy

closing stanza used in certain verse forms that dedicates the poem to a patron or summarizies poem’s main ideas

haiku

three unrhymed lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables respectively

offer intense but fleeting observations of a particular image/moment in time

many classical plays begin in medias res

middle of the story

tragedy

portagonist brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow/hardship because of a tragic flaw → evoke fear and pity in audience bc they relate

tragedies feature

reversal of fortune from good to bad

peripeteia

reversal from good to bad in tragedies

tragic irony

portogaonist experiences a misfortune that is contrary to what her or she expected to happen

catharsis

release of emotion that can feel like a cleansing of sorts that audiences feel after viewing such dramatic events

tragicomedy

ironic mix of emotions and is very true to the ups and downs of life

high comedy

comedy that appeals to the intellect of the audience or reader (situational)

display verbal wit

low comedy

based more on slapstick or clowning; physical comedy

farce

type of comedy that relies heavily on low comedy; lighthearted play that features highly unlikely situations, exaggerated characters; uses slapstick/clowning

important function of comedy

satire

satire

pokes fun at human or societal vices or follics with the aim of provoking some sort of change in attitude or behavior (use sarcasm, wit, irony)

stock characters

represent particular type of person and generally are exaggerated/commonly recognized types

allusion

indirect reference to person, place, thing (fictional, historical, actual)

anapest

metrical foot consisting of 3 syllables, 2 unac

chiasmus

rhetorical device in which words or phrases initially presented are restated in reverse order: do not live to eat, but eat to live

anaphora

repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses, verses, or paragraphs