AP Psych Unit 5 Behaviorism

Modeling

Observing and imitating others

Observational Learning

An individual learns by watching others and then imitating their behavior

Social Learning Theory

Seen but not heard; watch, don’t speak unless spoken to, interchangeably with others

Vicariously

Parents living through their children, parents teaching a child a way to live

Classical Conditioning

Learning by the association of 2 stimuli, one that naturally brings about the response and one that doesnt

Conditioning/Learning

Permanent change in behavior due to experience

Stimulus/Response relationship

Stimulus: something that brings a reaction, comes first ,door slam causes you to jump

Response: Can come before stimulus, anticipation can cause a response before there is a stimulus

Ivan Pavlov

Russian biologist-not a psychologist by training, Classical Conditioning Study

Step/Phase 1 of Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Study

Unconditioned Stimulus(Food)»»Unconditioned Response(Salivation

Baseline step, make sure food brings saliva(Salivation), introduce the food(UCS) which brings a natural non-conditioned response

Step/Phase 2 of Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Study

Conditioned Stimulus(Bell) + Unconditioned Stimulus(Food)»»Unconditioned Response(Salivation)

Bring a stimulus that doesnt naturally evoke saliva such as sound, visual, or smell just before presenting the food

Step/Phase 3 of Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Study

Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) »»»Conditioned Response (Salivation)

Bell is now conditioned(CS)

Learns the bell means he will get food without getting the stimulus so the saliva becomes a CR

John B. Watson

Baby Albert Study

Known as the father of behaviorism, wanted to know if classical conditioning can be applied to humans, took a child (Albert) to see if he could train him to love an animal (rat) and then see if he would fear it if learned to be afraid of it

Step 1 of John Watsons Baby Albert Study

UCS (Loud noise) »»UCR (Fear/crying)

Loud noise elicits fear

UCS (White rat) »»UCR (Love)

White rat elicits love

Step 2 of John Watsons Baby Albert Study

CS (White rat) + UCS (Loud noise) »»UCR (Fear/crying

The association of the loud noise and the white rat elicits fear and crying due to the loud noise

Step 3 of John Watsons Baby Albert Study

CS (White rat) »»CR (Fear/crying

Child gets conditioned to be scared of the white rat because the rat is associated with the loud noise, which is associated with fear

CS »» Any white furry thing started to scare him

Stimulus generalization

Organism isnt able to tell the difference between similar but different stimuli, Baby Albert became afraid of anything white;fear became generalized

Stimulus discrimination

Can discriminate between 2 stimuli and isnt afraid of black rats but only whites, telling the difference between Pepsi and Coke

Extinction

If CS is no longer associated with the CR there will be no response (keep ringing a bell with no food, the dog will stop salivating)

Spontaneous recovery

Getting back the reaction (CR) after extinction, after putting back in the CS, usually happens quickly

Operant Conditioning

Learning by the consequences of ones actions, consequences will make the person more likely to do it again

Reinforcement

Wants a behavior to continue

Positive Reinforcement

something that is done to make you want to repeat an action, reward, compliments

Negative Reinforcement

there is something ongoing that is unpleasant, if you do a behavior, the negativity will go away (getting A+ so you don’t have to do the dishes)

Punishment

wants a behavior to be less likely to occur

Positive Punishment

Applying a negative stimulus to the situation (slapping, actively doing, physical punishment)

Displacement

take out frustration on something that didnt make you angry in the first place (physical punishment)

Negative Punishment

Take something away (jail takes away freedom, taking away phone, car keys)

Shaping

reinforcing a behavior by successive approximations (You only continue giving the rat pellets as it gets closer and closer until it learns that the lever gives it food)

Chaining

series of responses where each response leads to the next (ex: learning the lyrics to a song)

Token Economy

when an organism can achieve something by having or gaining something else

secondary reinforcer

no inherent value but get something you want (money)

Intrinsic Motivation

motivation from yourself. Within you to do it

Extrinsic Motivation

something motivates you outside of yourself to do it

Intrinsitive Drift

learned behavior can be interfered with from their instinctive behavior, teach animal learned behavior but it will regress back to its instincts, instincts will win out/ drift back to instinctive behavior

Continuous Schedule

every time you do the behavior it is expected that you get something (skinner box)

Variable-ratio Schedules

You dont know how many times you have to do a certain behavior until you get the reinforcement (ex:a salesperson not knowing how many times they will have to do a sales pitch until they get a sale)

Fixed-Interval Schedules

Dont have anything to do with the behavior or how much you do the behavior, just about how much time passes. Consistency on how much time will pass before the recurring event will occur (ex: getting paid every 2 weeks)

Variable-Interval Schedules

no consistency on how much time will pass before the reoccurring event will occur. Don’t have anything to do w/ the behavior or how much you do it just how much time passes

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

You know what youre going to get when the job is done no matter how long it takes (Ex: getting paid at the end of a birthay party (1bp=$20))