ABT 10 2nd Exam

genome engineering

• studying, modifying and understanding genes using advanced molecular biology tools

• aims to enable precise control of genetic material for research, medicine, and agriculture

Recombinant DNA technology

• cutting and recombining DNA fragments from DNA fragments from different organisms

• foundation for genome editing

genome editing

can result in removal of single base or several bases or mutation to knock out repair gene

genome editing tools

enables editing parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering specific sections of the DNA sequence

CRISPR-Cas9

• most widely used genome editing system

• genetic scissors used to cut any DNA molecule at a specific point

Emmanuel Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna

discovered CRISPR-Cas 9

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

CRISPR

Cas

• can precisely remove the DNA out of the invading viruses

• always near the CRISPR sequences

CRISPR and Cas

• microbe can make the CRISPR-cas gun down any invading virus

• spacer DNA sequences in the gallery are copied into RNA molecules

Cas9

endonuclease that induces a double-strand break in genomic DNA

guide RNA

has a scaffold sequence, needed for cas9 binding and a 20-nucleotide user-defined part to target DNA sequence

homologous recombination

• repairs DNA breaks using a similar DNA sequence as a template

• enables precise gene insertion or correction

agrobacterium tumefaciens delivery

• used mainly in plants

• naturally transfers DNA (T-DNA) into plant cells

• scientists exploits this mechanism to deliver CRISPR constructs into plant genomes

particle genome

• DNA-coated microscopic particles are shot into cells using a “gene gun”

• commonly used in plant cells, sometimes in animal or fungal cells

Lipid or liposome mediated gene delivery

• fuse with the cell membrane to deliver DNA, RNA, or protein inside

• widely used in mammalian cell culture

electroporation

• physical transfection method

• uses electrical pulse to create temporary pores in cell membranes

• electric potential is applied which drives DNA across the membrane thru the pores

microinjection/direct DNA transfer

• introduces DNA directly into cells

• physical injection of DNA directly into the nucleus of culture cells using a syringe

Asilomar conference

international experts created the first biosafety guidelines for recombinant DNA research

Executive order 430 (1990)

national committee on biosafety of the philippines

Administrative order no. 8 (2002)

regulated importation and release of GMOs

executive order 514 (2006)

established biosafety framework

joint department circular (2016)

updated rules for handling GMOs under DOST, DA, DENR, DOH, and DILG

Cartagena protocol on biosafety

ensures the safe transboundary movement of GMOs and evaluates their environmental impact

codex alimentarius

provides standards for food safety, including those biotechnology-derived foods

ethics

set of rules or standards that govern how people behave and make decisions on what is the right thing to do

intrinsic concerns

pertain to the nature of the technology

extrinsic concerns

pertain to possible consequences of the use of technology

vatican pontifical academy

• encouraged that the advantages of genetic engineering are greater than the risks

• risks should be carefully followed through openness, analysis and controls, but without a sense of alarm

church of england general synod for social responsibility

genetic engineering does not seem very different from other forms of scientific advance

institute of islamic understanding malaysia

• muslim world should seize the opportunity provided by the more resilient GM crops

• this breakthrough can be used for the good of mankind

national academy of science and technology

• advocate and promote the safe and responsible applications of modern biotechnology 

• for the upliftment of the filipino nation

philippine government policy statement on biotechnology

• safe and responsible use of modern biotechnology to achieve and sustain food security, equitable access to health services, sustainable and safe environment and industry development