Physical Science Unit 3

Aluminium

Al

Argon

Ar

Barium

Ba

Boron 

B

Bromine

Br

Calcium

Ca

Carbon

C

Chlorine

Cl

Chromium

Cr

Cobalt

Co

Copper

Cu

Fluorine

F

Gold

Au

Helium

He

Hydrogen

H

Iodine

I

Iron

Fe

Lead

Pb

Lithium

Li

Magnesium

Mg

Mercury

Hg

Neon

Ne

Nickle

Ni

Nitrogen

N

Oxygen

O

Phosphorus

P

Platinum

Pt

Potassium

K

Radium

Ra

Silicon

Si

Silver

Ag

Sodium

Na

Sulfur

S

Tin

Sn

Uranium

U

Zinc

Zn

Dalton’s Model/Billiard Ball Model

What did Dalton believe about the atom?

• it is the smallest indivisible particle of atom

• they are identical in mass and properties

• uniform spheres

Thompson’s model/plum pudding model

What did Thompson believe the atom was?

• A homogeneous or uniform mixture of positively charged and negatively charged electrons

• they are electrically neutral

Rutherford Model/nuclear model

What did Rutherford believe about the atom?

It consists of a central core, or nucleus, of positively charged particles that electrons circulate around

Bohrs theory of the hydrogen atom

• Electrons revolve about the nucleus of the atom in

• discrete, specific orbits of certain radii

• Jump energy levels (n1, n2, ect)

According to Bohr, each orbit (N=1, N=2, ect) represent what?

Quantum principle numbers that represent energy levels where electrons exist

According to Bohr, electrons are able to make ____ and when they do so ____ is emitted or absorbed

Quantum jumps, electromagnetic radiation

In Bohrs theory, when an electron jumps from a high energy level to a low one what occurs?

a photon is emitted (kicked out kinda)

When an electron jumps from a low level to a high one what occurs?

a photon is absorbed

What is energy in Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis?

quantized, meaning it has a specific number of energy levels

In planck’s quantum theory an oscillating electron has _____ of energy

discrete, specific amounts of energy

quantized energy only has ___ values

specific

continuous energy can have ____ value

any

what type of energy is this?

quantized

what type of energy is this?

continuous

what is the electronic charge of an electron?

-1

where are electrons located?

outside the nucleus

what is the electronic charge of a proton?

+1

where are protons and neutrons located?

the nucleus

what is the electronic charge of a neutron?

0

what does the atomic number represent? what does it determine of an element?

it represents the number of protons in the nucleus, and it determines the identity of the element

Are atoms electrically neutral, positive, or negative? Why?

They are neutral because protons and electrons are equal

what is the mass number of an atom equal to?

The number of protons + neutrons

what is the neutron number?

the number of neutrons in the nucleus

what are isotopes?

atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different atomic masses/neutrons

what is radioactive decay?

the process in which a nucleus spontaneously (aka naturally) decays, giving off particles of radiation

what are the types of radioactive decay?

alpha, beta, and gamma

what is alpha decay?

the disintegration of a nucleus into a nucleus of another element, with the emission of helium nucleus (aka an alpha particle)

what is beta decay?

the disintegration of a nucleus into a nucleus of another element, with emission of an electron (aka a beta particle)

what is gamma decay?

the emission of a gamma ray from an excited nucleus to form a stable nucleus

what does the star in the gamma decay equation represent?

the highest energy level or an excited/energetic nucleus

What is half life? 

The time required for half of the nuclei of a radioactive substance to decay

How are half life's measured?

With a geiger counter that measures the rate of emission of decay particles

What is nuclear fission?

The process in which a large nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei with th emission of neutrons and the conversion of mass into energy

Do nuclear processes abide by the law of conversation of mass and energy?

No!!

What is nuclear fusion?

The process in which smaller nuclei combine to form larger nuclei, with the release of energy

What nuclear reaction is occuring here?

Nuclear fission

What process is this?

Nuclear fusion