Science 10 Biology and Genetics Flashcards

This flashcard set covers DNA structure, protein synthesis, genetics terminologies including genotype and phenotype, and inheritance patterns based on the biology pretest transcript.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A nucleic acid that serves as the genetic material and a template for RNA production.

Protein Synthesis Pathway

The correct series of events for creating proteins: DNA, RNA, then protein synthesis.

Nitrogenous Base Pairing

The specific bonding rules in DNA where adenine pairs with thymine ($AT$) and cytosine pairs with guanine ($CG$).

Thymine and Uracil

The specific nucleotides that can bond with adenine.

Guanine Percentage

The expected percentage of guanine ($10\%$) if a DNA molecule is found to be composed of $40\%$ thymine.

Human Chromosome Types

Chromosomes in humans can be divided into sex and autosomal chromosomes.

Normal Human Eggs

Cells that contain $22$ autosomes and an X chromosome.

Transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a template of DNA.

Genome

All the genetic information for an organism.

Complementary DNA Sequence

The nucleotide sequence found on the opposite strand; for example, if the original is C-G-G-C-T-A, the complement is G-C-C-G-A-T.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.

Gene

A segment of DNA that controls the production of protein molecules.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Role

A molecule that moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to attach to a ribosome for protein synthesis.

Nucleus

The cell structure that contains a cell's genetic material.

Ribosomes

The cell organelle that plays the role of generating proteins.

Recessive Trait Expression

A condition that must be met for a trait to be expressed, requiring two recessive genes.

Genotype

The genes for a particular trait, such as $TT$.

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism resulting from its genetic makeup.

Monohybrid Cross

A genetic cross between parents focusing on a single trait, such as round vs. wrinkled pea seeds.

Dihybrid Cross

A genetic cross between parents heterozygous for two traits, such as plant height and pea color.