what age do kids start smoking if they do smoke?
11 years old
what are other ways (besides smoking) that people get nicotine into their system
chew, dip, snuff, mouth sprays
what're the 5 USPSTF A's
ask advise assess assist arrange
what're the effects of smokeless tobacco on oral health
causes mouth cancer due to the cancer causing chemicals
other results: ulcers, unusual lumps/swelling, gum disease, throat cancer
what health risks are seen in women over 35 who smoke 15 or more cigarettes a day and use oral contraceptives
they develop heart attacks, strokes and blood clots
how does smoking affect the risk of osteoporosis
smoking causes significant bone loss which leads to osteoporosis
why are women more vulnerable to effects of alcohol than men
women absorb more alcohol because they typically weight less than men
have less water in their bodies
are exposed to more alcohol during metabolization
what're some tools used to assess alcohol use/abuse
CAGE questionnaire
AUDIT -TWEAK
BMAST
whats primary prevention and the goal
happens before the disease process starts: health promotion, specific preventing, and vaccines
goal: maintain/ improve general health of the individual/family/community
what is secondary prevention and the goal
happens when you have the diagnosis but try to stop it through screenings
goal: identify individual in early or detect;e stages of disease
what is tertiary prevention and the goal
helps to restore, rehabilitate, orange the disease to minimize the effects of it
goal: focus on rehabilitation to help people attain and retain an optimal level of function
why are health screening valuable tools
usually simple and inexpensive (decreased time and cost of healthcare personnel
individual or group screenings are available
ability to provide one test/disease specific screenings (Blood pressure) OR multiple test screenings (blood test for glucose and cholesterol levels)
what else can we accomplish with health screenings besides primary prevention of screenings
reduce disease progression
early disease treatment
reduce asymptomatic pathogenesis
reduce healthcare costs
not diagnostic or curative (preliminary effect to identify people who need further diagnosis workup)
what're some disadvantages to health screenings
imperfect and margins for error
anxiety over false positives
white cat syndrome
cost
follow up isn't guaranteed difficulty in engaging in the screening follow up
what does sensitivity mean
the portion of people who CORRECTLY test POSITIVE when screened
what a good and bad sensitivity test
good: false negatives DECREASE
bad: false negatives INCREASE
what does specificity mean
measures the tests ability to recognize negative or non-diseased individuals
whats a good and bad specificity test
good: false positives DECREASE
bad: false positives INCREASE
what is the main goal for a sensitivity and specificity test
BOTH to be at a HIGH level
what key organizations provide guidelines for screenings
American cancer society
US prevention services task force (USPSTF)
American college of obstetricians and gynecologists (ACOG)
national cancer institute
what age range do women have the CHOICE to get yearly mammograms
40-44 years old
what age range should women get a yearly mammogram
45-54 years old
what age can women switch to a mammogram every 2 years of keep the yearly
55 and older
why would an MRI be recommended as a screening tool for breast cancer
MRI's can locate some SMALL bread lesions sometimes missed by mammograms OR
they use MRI"s to measure something in more depth that was FOUND by a mammogram
age that women start to screen for cervical cancer
21 years old
age range of women get a Pap smear every 3 years (with additional HPV test IF pap is NORMAL)
21-29 years old
age that women get Pap smear + HPV test every 5 years OR just a pap every 3 years
30-65 years old
age group that finds the best benefits from colorectal cancer screenings
45 years old
whats an alternative to having a colonoscopy to detect colon cancer if patient doesn't want to get one
stool based test
sigmoidoscopy
what does a D rating from the USPSTF tell you about the benefit of a particular screening
the screening is NOT RECOMMENDED to get done
what rating does the USPSTF give the PSA antigen test for screening for prostate cancer
C for ages 55-69
D for ages 70 and above
why does the PSA antigen test have a D rating
it has a high false positive rate (low on specificity)
whats another method for checking prostate cancer during an exam
blood/urine test
prostate biopsy
prostate health index (PHI)
4K score test
PCA3 Test (progensa)
what should a persons TOTAL cholesterol reading be under
LESS THAN 200 mg/dL
what should a persons HDL-C reading be OVER (HDL is GOOD)
GREATER THAN 40 mg/dL
what is a live/attenuated vaccine
uses a weakened form of the virus which grows and replicates but doesn't cause illness
what vaccines are live or attenuated
intranasal flu
MMR
Rotavirus
Varicella
what is an inactivated vaccine
(a dead microorganism) it contains viruses whose genetic material has been destroyed by heat/chemicals/or radiation so they cannot infect cells and replicate BUT still trigger immune response
what're some inactivated vaccines
Hep. A, injectable flu, rabies
who SHOULDNT get a live vaccine and why
severely immunocompromised people: any alight disease can hurt this person
pregnant women: live vaccine could hurt the fetus
why sherd immunity so important
it makes it possible to protect the population from a disease including unvaccinated people (works when most of the population is vaccinated)
what is active immunity and an example
immunity which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen (MADE BY PERSONS OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM)
example: vaccines or surviving an infection
what is passive immunity and an example
short term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal (IMMUNITY FROM ANOTHER PERSON)
example: fetal to maternal passing antibodies through placenta or breast milk
what do we know about the claim of a connection between vaccines and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
no true link has been found but there's concern about autism linked to vaccines
concerned about what INGREDIENTS in vaccines (especially thimerosal) --> preservative continuing mercury
what does research have to say about thimerosal
it doesn't cause autism
no longer present in childhood vaccines except for some MULTI-DOSE VIALS OF FLU VACCINE
Hepatitis B vaccine
prevents viral infection transmitted through blood/body fluids
3 DOSE INJECTION GIVEN IM
rotavirus vaccine (RV)
prevents disease that causes diarrhea, VOMITING, fever, abdominal pain, and dehydration
2 DOSES ORALLY AND IS A LIVE VACCINE
Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTap)
5 DOSE SERIES GIVEN IM --> TDAP BOOSTER GIVEN AFTER Diphtheria: breathing problems and lockjaw tetanus: lockjaw (muscle tightness in jaw and body if severe enough) pertussis: whooping cough and pneumonia
Haemophilus Influenza Type B Conjugate vaccine (HIB)
prevents the haemophilus influenza bacterium that can cause meningitis, pneumonia, epiglotitis, and death
3-4 DOSES GIVEN IM --> DOESN'T CUASE THE FLU
Pneumococcal vaccine (PCV)
prevents against pneumococcal bacterial infection that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, and death
4 DOSES GIVEN IM
Measles, Mumps, Rubella vaccine (MMR)
2 DOSES GIVEN SUBCUTANEOUSLY (SQ) --> AIRBORNE VIRUS Measles: rash, fever, ear infection, pneumonia, seizures Mumps: fever, headaches, deafness, meningitis, death rubella: rash, fever, arthritis, miscarriages, birth defects
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
prevents polio which causes fever, nausea, vomitting, fatigue, paralysis, death (attacks central nervous system)
4 DOSES GIVEN IM OR SQ
varicella vaccine
prevents chicken pox which is an airborne virus
2 DOSES OF LIVE VACINE GIVEN SQ
Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)
prevents asymptomatic virus that spreads through skin to skin sex contact
2 DOSES GIVEN IM AT AGE 11-12 OR 3 DOSES GIVEN AFTER 15TH BDAY
flu vaccine
prevents getting the flu by using an inactivated vaccine given every season --> airborne
1 DOSE GIVEN EVERY FLU SEASON IM
meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV-4)
prevents strains A,C,W,Y which cause meningitis
3 DOSE GIVEN IM
meningococcal B vaccine (MenB)
SEPARATE FROM MCV4 VACCINE --> ONLY prevents against serogroup B meningococcal disease
2-3 DOSES GIVEN IM
hepatitis A vaccine
prevents hep. A which causes jaundice, diarrhea, fever, weakness
2 DOSES GIVEN IM
who SHOULD get the flu shot
everyone 6 months of age and older should get a flu fax every season
which STI's are bacterial treated with antibiotics
gonorrhea
syphilis
chlamydia
trichomoniasis
bacterial vaginosis
vulvovaginal candidiasis
how infection is HIV
it is the exchange of body fluids, injected blood, or needles which can cause: severe depression of cellular immune system (AIDS)
theres no cure but theres antiretroviral therapy
what is seroconversion
when a negative test turns positive
when does seroconversion happen with HIV
3-12 weeks
how infectious is hepatitis B
its caused by the hep. b virus which affects the liver and is spread by body fluids, sex, contaminated blood, or maternal to fetal transmission
no treatment or cure
what're possible prevention approaches to STI's
education
condoms
taking needed medications
what STI's are viral and are treated with antivirals
HIV/AIDS
Hep. B
Genital Herpes
HPV? genital warts
cytomegalovirus
how is AIDS transmitted
exchange of body fluids (sex, needles, infected blood, maternal-fetal transmission)
what prep and who should take it
PREP: pre-exposure prophylaxis
who: people at risk for contacting HIV, has an HIV positive partner, has multiple partners and doesn't use condoms, or shares needles
how often do people taking PREP need to see their providers
every 3 months to get refills and repeating testings
what is PEP, who takes it, and when
PEP: post-exposure-prophylaxis
who: anyone after a potential exposure to HIV to prevent it
when: if a condom broke during sex, if SA'd, or when a healthcare worker is injected w a needle (WITHIN 72 HOURS)
what med is taken to treat HSV and when's it most effective
acyclovir (antiviral)
first outbreak
who does the CDC recommend receiving the HPV tax and at what age
girls AND boys get Gardasil at age 11-12 (2 DOSE SERIES) or 3 DOSE SERIES after age of 15
what're some cancers HPV can cause
cervical, penile, anus, and oropharyngeal
what 2 STI's cause PID
untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia
what is PID
an infection in the upper genial tract for females
symptoms: pelvic pain, fever, irregular vaginal bleeding
what are some complications associated with PID
ectopic pregnancies
infertility
chronic pelvic pain
which STI's are reportable
chlamydia
gonorrhea
Hep. B
HIV
syphilis
Chancroid
what happens if both partners are not treated for an STI, like trichomoniasis
reinfection
what is syphilis treated with and if untreated, what may occur in the tertiary stages
best treated with penicillin G
if untreated: involves the heart, blood vessels, and central nervous system (paralysis and psychosis)
what are some possible signs and symptoms of STIs
Pain when peeing
Unusual discharge from penis, anal, or vagina
Lumps or growths on the skin around genitals or butt
Rash
Unusual vaginal bleeding
Itchy genitals or anus
blister/sores around genitals or anus
Warts around genitals or anus
what is family
primary unit of socialization and basic structural unit within a community
what're some configurations of a family
nuclear (wife, husband, kids)
married parent
extended
married blended
cohabiting parent
single parent
no parents
same sex
what is family dynamics
interrelationships between and among individual family members OR the forces at work within a family that produce particular behaviors and symptoms
what the family systems theory
a change in one family member affects the whole family - family as a whole is greater than the sum of the individual - family able to create balance between change and stability
Studied by 55 People