ionic bonds
transferring one/more electrons from one atom to another
Covalent bonds
sharing electrons between atoms
cation
losing an electrons becoming a positive charge
anion
gaining one/ more electron becoming a negative charge
double covalent bond
sharing two pairs of shared valence electrons
covalent bond shared equally
non-polar covalent
example of non-polar covlaent
chlorine molecules
electrons shared unequally; electronegativity difference that does not equal zero
polar covalent
is water a polar molecule
True
hydrogen bonding
the attraction between water molecules
hydrophilic
compounds that interact with water by dissolving in it
hydrophobic
compounds not interacting withing water
what compounds are hydrophobic and what bonds can they not form
non-polar; hydrogen bonds
Ex. why does NaCl dissolve in water?
It because chloride ions and sodium ions attract water molecules
isomers
several organic compounds that can have the same molecular formula but w/ different structures
example of isomers
glucose, fructose, galactose
2 types of isomers
structual & stereoisomers
structural isomer
two or more compounds w/ same atoms bonded differently
Stereoisomer
two or more compounds w/ their atoms bonded in the same wya, but w/ atoms arranged differently in space
stereoisomers can be..
geometric or optical
Geometric isomer definition and example
can have very different physical properties but have the same chemical properties. ex glucose and galactose
Optical isomer def and example
non-superimposable mirror images of each other, have similar chemical and physical properties but enzymes/proteins on the cell membrane can distinguish between them
functional groups
many complex molecules containing groups of atoms with characteristic chemical properties
types of functional groups
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate
chemical formula for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n ; n= # of carbon atoms in the carbohydrate
carbs can be simple
monomer glucose
If # of carbon atoms in carbs are low (3-7) then its a...
monosaccharide
five carbon sugar
pentose
glucose, fructose, galactose are...
hexose
what is the primary source for energy for cell
glucose
disaccharide
formed by the bonding of two monosaccharides
polysaccharide
polymers made up of chains of linked monosaccharides
How can living cells, tissues and polysaccharides be broken down into smaller units
hydrolysis
examples of nucleic acids
DNA (double stranded) & RNA (single stranded)
what are four bases in DNA
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
proteins
important structural components, source of nutrition, speed up metabolic process in the cell.
polypeptide bonds
are formed in condensation reactions linking amino acids in proteins
what are amino acids composed of
they are composed of a carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom and three additional groups - an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R-group
polypetide
two amino acids joined together; may join to form proteins
lipids
include fats, phospholipids (in cellular membrane), steroids, terpenes (lipid pigment that operate during photosynthesis)
what are fats composed of ?
glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
what are steroid + terpenes composed ?
carbon rings and carbon chains respectively
fats and oils are composed of what two molecules?
glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids
hydrocarbon chain that ends w/ carboxyl group (-COOH)
Saturated fatty acids
no double bonds between their carbon atoms; carbon chain is saturated with many hydrogen atoms it can hold
are saturated fatty acids gen solid at room temp?
true
is fatty acid saturated w/ hydrogen atoms?
false
true or false: fat molecules are split by hydrolysis for use in cells
true
phospholipid bilayer
virtually impermeable to charged ions and quite permeable to small lipid soluble molecules
true or false: molecules move through the membrane at different rates
true
true or false: small non polar molecules can pass the bilayer w/ least resistance
true (enter by diffusion- form of passive transport)
diffusion
molecules move from regions of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Osmosis
movement of the solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration of water.
carrier proteins
move and change shape to create an opening into the cell.
true false: large uncharged hydrophobic molecules use the proteins to enter the cell q
true ex. glucose
is cellular energy required for the facilitated diffusion process
no - its form of passive transport
reduction
gaining of electrons
"oxidation" / "reduction"
applied to many reactions involving ions whether or not oxygen is involved ex. NaCl
true/ false: in NaCl; chlorine is reduced (gaining an electron to form Cl) and sodium is oxidized ( Na loses an electron to form Na+)
true
when reduction and oxidation are both involed it in a...
redox reaction
cellular respiration is a....
redox reaction in a biological system; high energy electrons are removed from food molecules which oxidizes them and transferred to increasingly electronegative atoms + help manufacture energy rich molecules used by cells to do work
disassociation in water
when this happens positive charged hydrogen ion, and negatively charged hydroxide ion (low concentration)
true/false: hydrogen + hydroxide ions are very reactive
true
Acid
substances that donate H+ ions when it dissolve or dissociate in water; they increase the concentration of H= ions in water solutions
true/ false: concentration of OH- ions increases when bases dissolve or dissociate in water
true
Water w/ equal concentrations of these ions is....
neutral ; pH 7
pH lower than 7 =
higher concentration of H + ions = acids
pH higher than 7
lower concentration of H+ ions =bases
Acids and bases react to form =
water and a salt (ionic compound)
function of carbs
the primary source of energy for cellular respiration (provides ATP); doesn't provide as much energy as fats because of their hydrophilic groups, easily dissolvable in water.
carbs are a ...
single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached; one carbon is double bonded to oxygen to form a carbonyl group
3 types of carbs
monosaccharides (one sugar unit), disaccharides (two sugar units), polysaccharides (>3 sugar units)
monosaccharides
one single sugar molecule; typically linear in dry state but can readily form rings in watery solutions
example of monosaccharide
glucose, galactose, fructose
disaccharide
formed when two monosaccharides chemically bond together and a water molecule is given off
what reaction appends when a water molecule is given off form the bond of monosaccharides
dehydration synthesis/ condensation reaction
example of disaccharide
glucose + glucose = maltose ("malt sugar") +H2O
true or false: organisms store metabolic energy contained in glucose by converting it to an insoluble form and depositing it into a specific area
true
function of polysaccharides
storage of energy and structural support for cells
examples of storage polysaccharides:
glycogen
lips are considered(non-polar or polar)
non-polar; insoluble
function of lipids
long-term energy storage
lipids are important to the....
cell membrane and chemical signaling , providing protection around organs and insulate the body
four categories of lipids
triglycerides. phospholipids, steroids, waxes
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