social 2 - prejudice

What are stereotypes?

Specific types of schemas applied to social groups that guide our responses, behaviors, and judgments towards those groups.

What are the cognitive functions of stereotypes?

They save energy by simplifying thinking and help make predictions about others by using categories for dispositional inferences.

How do stereotypes serve motivational functions?

They help maintain positive self-esteem by allowing social identity and self-concept through comparison with less competent others.

What is an illusionary correlation in stereotype formation?

It refers to the perception of a relationship between two variables when none exists, often involving minority groups and negative attributes.

what counters the illusionary correlation?

might be functionally adaptive to favour ingroup

What is the configural model in impression formation?

A gestalt-based approach that considers the entire person, focusing on both central (deeply processed) and peripheral traits.

What is the primacy-recency effect? (asch 1946)

The tendency to remember the first and last pieces of information encountered, which influences how we form impressions.

What does the algebraic model of impression formation entail?

It involves averaging the information received about a person to form an impression.

what the configural model state about impression formation?

certain elements dominate interpretations

What is cognitive dissonance in the context of stereotypes/impression formation?

The process of reappraising discrepant elements when traits contradict existing stereotypes, leading to changes in perception.

what did aschs 1946 study use around stereotypes?

warm/cold, polite/blunt are central traits used

what did haire and grune 1950 find when info contradicted stereotype?

when contradicted working man stereotype they distorted the info to fit their stereotype

What is the stereotype content model proposed by Fiske (2008)?

It posits that warmth and competence underlie behavioral and emotional responses, with different combinations producing various stereotypes. e.g. women = high warmth but low competence

What is implicit bias?

A preference for one's ingroup, often leading to biased behavior against disadvantaged outgroups, which can be changed by interventions. in minority groups can be towards majority

What did the Princeton trilogy study reveal about stereotypes? (katz and braly 1993)

assign traits to ethnic groups (84 adjectives). It found high consensus in stereotype attribution across ethnic groups, even among unfamiliar groups, and favourable eval of own group aligning with ethnocentrism.

problems with the princeton triology study?

ambiguous instructions, adjectives = outdated and no assessment of prejudice

what did noesk (2007) find in project implicit?

68% = implicit preference for whites, european americans preferred hispanic/asian but african americans dont have implicit bias towards own group

What were the findings of Devine's 1989 study on stereotypes?

Participants showed awareness of stereotypes, but those with high prejudice listed negative traits while low prejudice individuals had contradictory beliefs/inhibited contradictory stereotypes. but all showed same awareness of stereotypes around ppl

What role does early age play in stereotype acquisition?

Stereotypes are often acquired at an early age and are used to categorize individuals, especially in contexts of conflict.

when do you use stereotypes?

when theres conflict

What is the process of stereotype activation? (rees, ma and sherman 2020)

It involves assigning an individual to a group based on characteristics, activating beliefs that all group memb = same, infer individual has characteristics of this category and responding based on those assumptions.

How does implicit bias affect job applications?

Research shows that candidates who are more prototypical of the country they apply to are more likely to receive callbacks.

is category activation avoidable (bargh 1999)

humanitarians/bigots representations of categories differ in automatic associations (if bad person implicit bias sways you)

What is the significance of the study by Ahamed in 2020 regarding implicit bias in his CV study?

It demonstrated real-world effects of implicit bias, showing that prototypicality influences hiring outcomes (if similar to country of job = more likely called back)

What is the impact of diversity in organizations according to Herring's 2009 study?

Diversity has been shown to benefit companies, despite the presence of implicit biases in hiring practices.

What is the relationship between stereotype processes and social change?

Changes in stereotypes are often slow and occur in response to broader social changes.

What did the project implicit study reveal about racial biases?

It found that a significant percentage of participants showed implicit preferences for white individuals, highlighting underlying biases.

What is prejudice?

An unfavorable attitude towards a social group (Crandall and Warner, 2005).

What is discrimination?

The act of singling out members of a social group for prejudice based on group membership attributes (Kite and Whitley Jr, 2016).

Define dehumanization.

The process of stripping individuals of their dignity (De Ruiter, 2023).

What did Gaertner and Dovidio (1977) find about the bystander effect?

Participants were less likely to help a victim from an outgroup in an emergency situation.

what did krimmel and gormley 2003 find about women hiring perceptions?

if women saw them being hired as token woman = less satisfaction/commitment than believed to be hired due to ability

What is 'new racism' according to Gaertner and Dovidio (1986)?

A form of racism that manifests through subtle and indirect means, conflict between prejudiced attitude and egalitarian values. when egalitarian values = weak prejudiced values are accepted

What is aversive racism?

differential access to power, leading to oppression

How can aversive racism be detected?

Through unobtrusive measures, language use, indirect measures like reaction time tasks, and non-verbal behavior.

what are some ways aversive racism is shown in hiring (silva 2022)? how is this justified?

e.g. favour majority sounding names, Will justify through: ambiguity, distraction, emotion and time pressure

What is the mere exposure effect? social process model of prejudice

The phenomenon where familiarity increases liking (Zajonc, 1968).

What does social learning theory suggest about prejudice? (social process - prejudice model)

Young people internalize prejudice through perceptual cues, which is then reflected in adult behavior (Bandura and Walters, 1977).

What is social identity theory? (social process of prejudice)

A theory that suggests group membership is an automatic process that maximizes inter-group differences (Tajfel and Turner, 2004).

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

The idea that frustration always leads to aggression, and if the target of frustration is unavailable, it is displaced onto a scapegoat (Berkowitz, 1989).

What is authoritarianism in the context of prejudice? (personality model of prejudice)

A personality trait characterized by respect for authority and status, often developed from harsh upbringing (Adorno, 1950).

what are disadvantages of authoritarianism?

doesnt account attitude change, situational factors and doesnt show social processes

What is social dominance theory?

The theory that societies maintain power through oppression and discrimination, often justified by myths of national security (Van Laar and Sidanius, 2001).

What is belief congruence theory?

The idea that people prefer others with similar beliefs, which can lead to harmony and prejudice against dissimilar beliefs (Rokeach, Smith, and Evans, 1960).

disadvantage of belief congruence theory?

beliefs are only one factor, weak support

What is the glass ceiling effect?

A metaphor for the invisible barriers that prevent women from advancing to higher positions in the workplace (Swigger and Meyer, 2019).

What is ambivalent sexism?

A form of sexism that appears to ignore gender but still maintains sexist attitudes, characterized by hostile and benevolent components.

What are some methods for reducing prejudice?

Diversity training, cognitive and emotional training, peer influence, social recategorization, and intergroup contact.

What is the effectiveness of intergroup contact in reducing prejudice?

It is considered the most effective method for reducing prejudice.

What role do sex stereotypes play in discrimination?

They contribute to perceptions of gender roles, often portraying women as nice but incompetent and men as competent but not nice.

What is gender essentialism?

The belief that there are inherent differences between genders, leading to stereotypes and discrimination (Eagly and Stewart, 1995).

What is the role of media in maintaining sexism?

Media representations often reinforce stereotypes, such as showing men from shoulders up and women from torso up (Ellemers, 2018).