BIOL101A- Lab 8 Bioenergetics and Calorimetry

electrical energy

type of energy where its the flow of electrons along a conductor

• represents kinetic energy and can be converted to mechanical energy to machines in homes

mechanical energy

energy used to move matter

• power automobiles or run washing machines

radiant energy

energy that travels in waves

• visible light 

heat energy

form of kinetic energy associated with the random motion of molecules 

chemical energy

energy stored in chemical compounds

• chlorophyll molecules 

electrochemical gradients 

results when a charged substance has different concentrations on either side of a barrier

• store PE which can be converted to kinetic energy to do work

First Law of Thermodynamics

states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but may change forms

Second law of thermodynamics

energy conversions are never 100% efficient

• heat can be released

• energy cannot be destoryed

• loss of useful energy → increased disorder (entropy) 

free energy

• DeltaH - enthalpy is the change in heat content 

• G - the energy available to do work 

  • -G - exergonic (spontaneous)

  • +G - endogonic

spontaneous (exergonic) 

when deltaH - and delta S +

nonspontaneous (endergonic)

• deltaH +

• entropy (deltaS) - 

+3.3 kilocals

glucose + phpshate

-7.3 kilocalories

ATP → ADP + Pi

deltaG = -4.0 kilocalories

Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP

rate of reaction

how fast a reaction proceeds

catalasts

substances that added to reactants either speed up or slow down rate of reaction

enzymes

speeds up chemical reactions in cells by providing the reactants with an alt. pathway which requires a decreased amount of activation E

calorimeter

measures heat released by food during combustion

calorie

unit used to refer to energy content of molecules

• proteins → 4c (kilocalories/gram)

• fats → 9c (kilocalories/gram

photons

light that is to consist of wave of evergy packets

ground state

where excited electron returns 

radiometer

shows how radiant energy from light can be transformed to other forms of energy