AP psychology

Wilhem Wundt

Wilhem Wundt

Father of psychology, created the first lab dedicated to psychology, intro to introspection and structuralism.

Edward Titchener

Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of structuralism and helped lead the school of psychology.

William James

Taught the first psychology course at Harvard and wrote the first psychology book, functionalism, helped woman get into psychology.

Mary Whiton Calkins

First woman president of the APA, denied Harvard degree and offered one from Radcliffe College but she denied due to unequal treatment, memory researcher.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to earn a psych degree, 2nd female president of APA, animal researcher.

G. Stanley Hall

First american to earn a PHD in psychology, opened first psych lab in U.S.A, first president of APA.

Charles Darwin

Proposed idea of natural selection, evolutionary psychologist, our bodies and behavior were due to natural selection and how our ancestors acted.

Dorthea Dix

Focused on the unfair and inhumane treatments of mentally ill ppl, sought to reform insane asylums.

Sigmund Freud

Created psychoanalytic theory/psychodynamic approach, studied unconscious mind and believed ppls personalities are shaped by unconscious motives.

Ivan Pavlov

Reflexed conditioning/classical conditioning, experiment w dogs.

Jean Piaget

First psychologist to conduct a study of cognitive development, theory of child development. Kids make schemas of the world.

Carl Rogers

One of the founders of humanistic psychology, researched ppls personalities.

B.F Skinner

Expanded behaviorism, operant conditioning.

John B. Watson

One of the founders of behaviorism, psychology should be a scientific study and focus on observable things.

Structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Functionalism

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Gestalt psychology

a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Psychodynamic

A psychological perspective that analyzes how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Behaviorism

Behaviors are learned through experiences and are observable.

Humanistic

Believes humans are naturally good and seek to reach their potential through free will. Goal is to reach self actualization.

Sociocultural

Impact of culture, gender, nationality, religion, social norms, & other environmental and social factors on a persons behavior.

Evolutionary

How behaviors of today exist due to natural selection

Biological

Different structures of the brain and nervous system to understand link between our biological and psychological processes.

Cognitive

How individuals process and retain information.

Biopsychosocial

Peoples thoughts, feelings, behaviors and their impact on a person's health.

Plato

Knowledge is innate - born with us, mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, Socrates student.

Socrates

Mind is seprable from body, mind continues after body dies, knowledge is born with us .

Aristotle

Knowledge is not born with us, it grows with our experiences.

Rene Descartes

agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and mind's being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive its death. Surmised that people's brains have "animal spirits" (we now call them nerves).

Francis Bacon

Believes in humans minds and its feelings, developed the scientific method.

John Locke

Disagreed with Socrates and Plato and said that the mind at birth is a blank space like a tabu la rasa. Developed empiricism.

Empiricism

Knowledge originates in experience through observations and experiments.

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization" and everyone is striving to reach their full potential.

Psychology

The scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of individuals.

Psychometrics

the measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes

Developmental

Scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt.

Counseling

professional guidance in resolving personal conflicts and emotional problems

Clinical

Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

Psychiatrists

Prescribes drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.

Positive psychology

Explores positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions.

Community psyhcologists

Create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.

Forensic

apply psychological principles to legal issues

phrenology

Phrenology was a pseudoscience that linked bumps on a person's head to certain aspects of the individual's personality and character. Phrenology heads or busts were used by phrenologists to perform "skull readings" that supposedly revealed information about a person's character and tendencies.

Overconfidence

tendency to think we know more than we do

Theory

Based on current knowledge and understanding, coherent network of explanatory ideas.

Prediction/Hypothesis

Specific perceptions derived from the theory

Empirical research

Conduct study to test hypothesis.

Basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Random assignment

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

Sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

Experimenter bias

a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

Reliability

Consistent results

Validity

Measures what it is being used

inferential statistics

Interpret data and draw conclusions. Used to test validity of hypothesis.

Descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. Histogram, frequency table.

indepent variable

In an experiment, the condition that is tested because it affects the outcome of the experiment

Dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. Factor being measured.

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Observer expectancy

researcher unintentionally influences subject

Positive skew

Smiley face on right

Negative skew

Sad face on right

Biological clocks

internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. Sleep-wake cycle

Ultradian rhythm

biological rhythms that occur more than once each day

Infradian rhythm

biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season

Circannual rhythm

behavioral rhythms linked to the yearly cycle of seasons

Electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Electromyography (EMG) sleep

Records muscle activity and tension. Place electrodes under the chin.

Electrooculograph (EOG) sleep

Records eye movements. Place electrodes near the eye.

Sleep stages

Awake, NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3, REM

Awake stage of sleep

Brain waves are very active, beta and alpha waves. Close eyes but still awake, brain activity slows down to a large amp and slow, regular, alpha waves.

NREM 1

the transition into sleep, marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves; hypnagogic sensations/hallucinations, and myclonic jerks may occur. Theta waves. High amp, low freq.

NREM 2

theta waves; sleep spindles; wake easily; conscious awareness of the external environment disappears; occupies 45-55% of total sleep in adults. 90 min cycle.

NREM 3

Delta sleep or slow wave steep. Breathing and pulse slow down, very deep sleep. Delta waves, height of amp increase dramatically. Deepest sleep.

REM

describes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases. REM occurs every 90 min. Each period lasts longer than before. Irregular pulse, increase breathing, sleep paralysis.

Sleep theories

sleep protects, sleep helps us recuperate, sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences, sleep feeds creative thinking, sleep supports growth cuz pituitary glands release hormones during the night.

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).We crave REM.

Insomnia

inability to sleep

sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks

Night terrors

abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. REM.