nurs 106 unit 6

autocrine vs paracrine

autocrine - cell sends signal to itself, paracrine - cell send signal to another cell

whats humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli

humoural - change in nutrients

hormonal - one hormone impacts the release of another hormone

neural stimuli - neuroglandular junction releases hormone

the number of receptors can be impacted by upregulation and downregulation. whats that?

upregulation - lack of hormone, increasing number of receptors

downregulation - becoming less sensitive to a hormone, decreasing the number of receptors

using g proteins, what does ATP convert into

cyclic AMP as a second messenger

hypophysis

pituitary gland

neurohypophysis 

posterior pituitary 

adenohypophysis

anterior pituitary

what hormones does the neurohypophysis secrete 

oxytocin and ADH

what hormones does the adrenohypophysis secrete 

adrenocorticotropic, thyroid stimulating, growth hormone, prolactin, fsh and lh , and msh/endorphins

adh function

water retention, so less urine, less sweating, and a higher bp

oxytocin function

induces contractions in labour, stimulates milk production, and reproductive hormone

SIADH

syndrome of inappropriate adh, too much adh, an increase blood pressure

diabetes insipidus

too little adh, excess volume of dilute urine

pathway of TSH

hypothalamus releases thyrotropin rh, pituitary releases tsh, thyroid gland releases t3 and t4

acth pathway

corticotropin rh from hypothalamus, acth from pituitary 

gh pathway 

ghrh or gih released by hypothalamus, pituitary releases gh

gonadotropin pathways

gnrh from hypothalamus, pituitary releases fsh and lh

prl pathway

pih or prh from hyo, pituitary releases prl

what cells are growth hormones released by

somatotropic cells

gh function

increased cell synthesis

hyposecretion of gh in a kid

dwarfism

hypersecretion of gh in a kid

gigantism

hypersecretion of gh in an adult

acromegaly

hormones needed for growth

gh, thyroid hormone, insulin, androgens, estrogens

2 types of cells in thyroid

follicular cells and c cells

follicular cells

produces t3 and t4

c cells

secrete calcitonin

t3 and t4 function

altering protein synthesis, increase metabolic rate

calcitonin function

secreted by thyroid, lowers blood calcium by stimulating calcium secretion by kidneys, and prevents calcium reabsorption by gi tract 

hypothyroidism

deficiency of trh or tsh, too little, slower metabolism

hyperthyroidism most common cause

graves disease

hyperthyroidism

too much tsh or trh, faster metabolism,

pth function

opposite to calcitonin, decrease osteoblast and increase osteoclast, more calcium into blood

what does the adrenal cortex release

steroid hormones

what does teh adrenal medulla release

catecholamines

three layers of adrenal cortex (GFR)

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, zona reticularis

which layer of the adrenal cortex are mineralcorticoids produced by 

zona glomerulosa

primary hormone of mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

aldosterone function

up absorption of na and decreased absorption of k 

glucocorticoids is produced by which layer of the adrenal cortex

zona fasciculata

primary hormone of glucocorticoids

cortisol

cortisol function

stimulus from acth from anterior pituitary, increases glucose synthesis, has anti-inflammatory effects 

what layer of the adrenal cortex is androgens produced by 

zona reticularis

androgens function

secondary sex characteristics in males 

too much cortisol

cushing syndrome (moon face)

too little cortisol

addisons disease

adrenal medulla functions

produces catecholmines, mainly epi and some noreip

is pancreas endocrine or exocrine

both

what does the pancreas secrete

insulin and glucagon

main types of pancreatic islet cells

beta and alpha cells

alpha cells in pancreas function

produces glucagon which increases blood sugar by liver secreting glucose

beta cells in pancreas function

site of insulin synthesis and secretion, which lowers blood sugar

diabetes mellitus

type 1 or type 2