Systemic Infections
____pertains to affecting the entire body, rather than a single organ or a single body part
Leptospirosis
_____a zoonotic infection that is acquired through contact with the urine of infected animals or through contaminated environment
zoonotic
_____ implies acquiring the infection from animals
bacteria of the genus Leptospira
etiologic agent of Leptospirosis
Leptospira
It is a spiral-shaped bacteria that are thread-like; possesses 2 flagella (corkscrew movement); double hooked ends; ubiquitous in the environment; cannot be seen under an ordinary brightfield microscope
Saprophytic and Pathogenic
2 types of Leptospira
saprophytic
ubiquitous in the environment
does not cause disease in humans and animals (non-pathogenic)
Leptospira biflexa, L. meyeri, etc.
what type of Leptospira is this?
pathogenic
causes illness in humans and animals
may also cause death
L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, etc.
what type of Leptospira is this?
Epidemiological Information
DIAGNOSIS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS:
exposure to infected animals, or to an environment; potentially contaminated with infected animal urine
Serodiagnosis
Detection of pathogen
Gene diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis
10-15
Treatment for Leptospirosis (Immediate treatment procedures):
Give _____ mg/kg/dose of Paracetamol for fever
3
Treatment for Leptospirosis (Immediate treatment procedures):
Continue patient monitoring until __ days WITHOUT FEVER
2-3
Treatment for Leptospirosis (Immediate treatment procedures):
give ______ mg/kg/dose of Doxycycline tablets for 7 days (max. of 100mg, 2x/day) for patients above 8 years old
liver
hepatitis is a Systemic disease primarily involving the ____
hepatotropic viruses (A, B, C, D, and E)
There are 5 hepatic infections caused by _______
Types B, C, and D
_____are known to be blood-borne pathogens, while E is caused by food-borne pathogens.
“inflammation of the liver”
Hepatitis means ____, but not all hepatitis is caused by the hepatitis viruses.
A, B, C, D, and E.
5 well-characterized agents:
The main hepatitis viruses are hepatitis_____
Hepatitis A virus or HAV
5 well-characterized agents:
____viral hepatitis type a, which is also known as infectious hepatitis.
Type B or hepatitis B virus
5 well-characterized agents:
____causes serum hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus
5 well-characterized agents:
____post-transfusion hepatitis.
Hepatitis E
5 well-characterized agents:
____is due to ingestion of virus-contaminated food
Hepatitis B and C
5 well-characterized agents:
____lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and are also the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Types A and E
5 well-characterized agents:
____ are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water.
Hepatitis B, C, and D
5 well-characterized agents:
____ are acquired through parenteral route (delivered by routes other than the gastrointestinal tract) or contact with infected body fluids.
Hepatitis B
5 well-characterized agents:
____is the only DNA virus while the rest are RNA viruses.
Jaundice
Clinical Features of Hepatitis:
For viral hepatitis, the hallmark of infection is____
histopathological lesions
Clinical Features of Hepatitis:
All viral hepatitis have identical _____
cytopathogenic
Clinical Features of Hepatitis:
None of the hepatitis viruses are typically ____; they do not affect the cells.
Acute Viral Hepatitis
type of viral hepatitis that Occurs suddenly and only lasts for a few weeks
Chronic Carrier Hepatitis (persistent, unresolved)
If you are a chronic carrier of the hepatitis virus, you may or may not demonstrate evidence of liver disease.; The virus continues to attack or injure the liver. What type of viral hepatitis is this?
Chronic Active Hepatitis
Disease persists longer than 6 months; May progress to liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma, particularly those infected with hepatitis B and C. What type of viral hepatitis is this?
Hepatitis A virus
Also known as infectious hepatitis; Belongs to the Picornaviridae family.
7 genotypes
Hepatitis A:
So far, we have____of Hepatitis A virus but only 1 serotype. Of the 7 genotypes, 4 affects humans.
20% ether
Hepatitis A:
Stable to treatment with ____
pH 1
Hepatitis A:
Acid resistant even at ____
5 hours
Hepatitis A:
There are reports showing that it remains infections at pH1 for ____ at room temperature.
gastric juices
Hepatitis A:
That means it is resistant to ____in the stomach
heat resistant; 60 degrees
Hepatitis A:
It is _____. So, it’s antigenicity or pathogenicity is not affected even after one hour incubation at high temperature at _____.
disinfection
Hepatitis A:
It is very resistant to ____. That’s why it is one of the most important public health problems.
fecal-oral route
Hepatitis A:
Modes of transmission of HAV:
10-50 days
Hepatitis A:
The incubation period is ____
ELISA
Hepatitis A:
The method of choice for the laboratory diagnosis of HAV infection is_____
hepatitis B
The only DNA hepatitis virus and Belongs to the Hepadnaviridae Family
sexually
Hepatitis B:
Often ____ transmitted
liver cancer.
Hepatitis B:
If you get infected, you may also develop ____
7 days
Hepatitis B:
It is stable on environmental surface for at least ____. Meaning it can stay outside the host for this time.
0.1% glutaraldehyde
Hepatitis B:
You can inactivate it by using ____or any household bleach, and also by heating it at 98 degrees centigrade for 2 minutes
100 degrees Celsius
Hepatitis B:
It is sensitive to acidity and heat. If you want to inactivate it, you can heat possibly contaminated materials at ____.
hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B:
Both HBV and HCV have (presumably indirect) roles in the development of ____ that may appear many years (15-60) after establishment of chronic infection
50-180 days
Hepatitis B:
Incubation period is usually ______
ELISA
Hepatitis B:
____ can be done to detect for the virus
PCR
Hepatitis B:
___ can be done to detect for the viral DNA
no treatment available; spontaneous recovery
Hepatitis B:
Treatment of HBV Infection: ACUTE
Antiviral; Immunomodulatory
Hepatitis B:
Treatment of HBV Infection: CHRONIC
Hepatitis C
Usually found in drug users who inject illicit drugs through needles; Piercings or tattoos from contaminated instruments
15–160 days
Hepatitis C:
Incubation period: _____
Adults
Hepatitis C:
Principal age distribution: ____
Predominantly parenteral
Hepatitis C:
Route of infection:
Serologic assays
Hepatitis C:
diagnosis of HCV infection
Enzyme immunoassays(EIA, ELISA)
Hepatitis C:
detect antibodies to HCV but do not distinguish between acute, chronic, or resolved infection.
Nucleic acid-based assays (RT-PCR)
Hepatitis C:
detect the presence of circulating HCV RNA and are useful for monitoring patients on antiviral therapy.
Nucleic acid assays
Hepatitis C:
used to genotype HCV isolates.
Hepatitis D
also known as hepatitis delta or delta hepatitis; found to be an etiologic agent or a co-infection with hepatitis B virus-infected individuals
subviral plant pathogens (viroids)
Hepatitis D:
Smallest of the known human pathogens and resembles_____
HBsAg
Hepatitis D:
Satellite virus: uses ____as envelope
Parenteral
Hepatitis D:
Transmission: _____
vaccination against HBV
Hepatitis D:
Treatment: _____
enteric hepatitis virus
Hepatitis E is also known as _____
4-5 weeks
Hepatitis E:
Incubation period: _____
contaminated food and water, seafood
Hepatitis E:
Transmitted through ingestion of: _______
Prodromal phase
Icteric
Hepatitis E:
2 phases:
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