History Important People and some questions History Semester 1 Finals

study!! :)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon best known for his code of laws

Menes

Pharaoh united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single strong kingdom

Abraham

Citizen of Ur, he made a covenant with God so his descendants become known as the "Chosen People"

Cyrus the Great

Great military leader who established the vast Persian Empire on tolerant and merciful tactics

Hippocrates

Known as the "Father of Medicine" doctors today take an oath named for him

Siddhartha Gautama

5th century Indian prince whose religious philosophy became known as Buddhism was based on the Four Noble Truths

Socrates

Greek philosopher and teacher who was put on trial for "corrupting the youth" of Athens

Prince Shotoku

Member of the royal family of Japan, noted for bringing many Chinese concepts, such as Buddhism, government organization, system of writing, etc. back to Japan

Alexander the Great

Led Greek army to the conquest of eastern empires, controlling land from the Mediterranean Sea to India

Octavian (Augustus)

nephew of Julius Caesar who became the first Emperor of Rome, his reign began the Pax Romana

Justinian

Byzantine ruler noted for his systematic arrangement of laws that clarified Roman legal principles

Muhammad

Bedouin merchant from the Arabian town of Mecca who established the religion of Islam

Thomas Aquinas

Scholastic theologian who wrote Summa Theologiae that tried to harmonize Aristotle's philosophy with the Bible

Nebuchadnezzar

Led the New Babylonian Empire to its greatest glory, God used him to punish the Hebrew people by destroying Jerusalem and taking the people into captivity

Herodotus

Known as the "Father of History" and his History of the Persian Wars

Confucius

Chinese teacher whose philosophy was based on five basic human relationship

Gregory I

Great Pope who expanded the power and authority of the papacy by establishing the Mass as the standard ceremony of Sunday worship, making penance a sacrament and adding purgatory as a concept in Roman Catholic Church doctrine

Charlemagne

Greatest ruler in Europe in the Middle Ages, as a member of the Carolingian House, he established the largest empire in Central and Western Europe since Roman times.

Joan of Arc

young French nationalist who inspired her people to victory in the Hundred Years War

Akkadians

led by King Sargon, they created the first empire in Mesopotamia

Assyrians

built a great empire into Egypt, used advanced weapons, terrorism, and were fierce warriors

Phoenicians

established a great empire that gave them a great deal of wealth by controlling trade on the Mediterranean coast

Persians

one of the largest empires in the ancient world, connected by the Royal Road

Carthaginians

competed with the Roman republic for control of the trade routes, were eventually destroyed by Rome

Huns

fierce nomadic tribes from Central Asia that forced the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire

Mongols

built the largest empire in the world as ever seen

Vikings

swept down from Scandinavia to attack and pillage the northern coast of Europe

Moors

Spanish Muslims who controlled the Iberian Peninsula for around 600 years

examples of primary sources

artifacts, tradition, written records

most important primary source

written records

Creation Mandate

first command from God to "subdue" the earth by exercising "dominion" over it

Fertile Crescent location

fertile region encompassing Mesopotamia and the land of Canaan

Polytheism

belief in many gods

Geographic feature that united Egypt

Nile River

civilization that built Royal Road

Persians

basic political unit of Ancient Greece

polis

life Sparta was centered on

training of warriors

why Peloponnesian War developed

The tension between Athens and Sparta and their allies finally flamed into war

term of a Roman senator

life

Law of Twelve Tables

foundation of Roman civil law

Ruler of Rome after Julius Caesar's death

Augustus (Octavian)

Difference between Plebeians and Patricians

Patricians were wealthy landholders and noble families, the upper class, while Plebeians were a majority of the people, the lower class

Roman province Jesus was born and lived in

Judea

why Christians were first persecuted by the Romans

They opposed the Roman emperor, Tiberius

Edict of Milan

Made Christianity legal

city that became capital of Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople

cause of collapse of Gupta Empire

repeated attacks of the White Huns

ruler of Ancient Egypt who promoted Buddhism and sent missionaries to spread it to Asia

Asoka

Polygamy

marrying more than one spouse

religion most common in sub-Saharan Africa

traditional tribal

Causes of decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire

The growth of commercial rivals challenged Byzantine trade supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean

route used by the Russians to trade with Byzantines

through Kiev and the Dnieper River

Father of the Arab nation

Ishmael

Why was Muhammad initially threatened in Mecca?

they viewed his teaching as contrary to their religious beliefs and a threat to the city's commercial interest

why muslims were so successful in spreading their empire

They moved to Medina and made Muhammad their spiritual, political and military leader

Reincarnation

The rebirth of a soul in a new body

goal of a formal education in china

To become a government official

Taika reforms in Japan

mid-seventh-century restructuring of Japanese government to weaken the strength of the local clan chieftains; known as the "Great Change"

Japanese warriors were called

Samurai

Beringia

land bridge that connected Asia and North America

What culture group in North American depended on the Bison

Plains Indians

Common elements of Indian religions in Americas

They believed there were gods of corn, death, rain, and war. They believed each day was a living god and could be predicted by a system of calendars

Name of Aztec god whose worshippers believed he would return one day to usher in a new era of peace

Quetzalcoatl

system used by the Inca's to store information

Quipu- knots and strings

reforms in education instituted by charlemagne

renewed interest in the Bible and the works of classical writers

cause of conflict between King John and the Pope

all over who would be the next archbishop of Canterbury

Significance of the Magna Carta

protected the privileges of feudal lords

limited the power of the king

safeguarded the rights of the people by making the king subject to the law

How Parliament checked the King's power

the king could not propose new taxes without the consent of Parliament

This missionary brought Christianity to Ireland

Patrick

Characteristics and purpose of a manor

center of medieval society, a self-contained farming community controlled by a lord and farmed by peasants that arose out of economic and social conditions

Who controlled trade in the Mediterranean area

Italy

what positions were held by people in craft guilds

bakers, tanners, shoemakers, butchers, wheelwrights, and other craftsmen

role of cathedrals and monasteries in education in medieval society

started the revival of learning

Scholasticism

An intellectual movement that found it roots in Bible study

weakness of medieval science

it was shaped on Aristotle's writings, which were not always correct, and conflicted with Christianity

War of the Roses

series of conflicts between the houses of York and Lancaster

Impact of Crusades on Europe

opened new horizons to the people