What Is another name for Covalent Bonds
Molecules
What is the difference between Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds?
Ionic Bonds form by GAINING/LOSING valence electrons Covalent Bonds from SHARING valence electrons
What are Covalent Compounds made of?
Made of only non-metals and metalloids NO METALS IN COVALENT COMPOUNDS
What are Ionic Compounds made of?
Made of metals and non-metals
What are Metallic Bonds made of?
Only metal atoms
If the Electronegativity difference is between 0-1.7
It is COVALENT
If the Electronegativity difference is above 1.7
IT IS IONIC
What occurs if two metals atoms are bonding?
THERE IS NO ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE
Where are metals on the periodic table?
MOSTLY IN THE LEFT TO MIDDLE
When is a covalent Bond formed?
When two electrons are shared between atoms
Single Bond
2 shared electrons Also called sigma bond Is the longest and weakest of the Bonds
Double Bond
4 shared electrons Classified as having 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond
Triple Bond
6 shared electrons Classified as having 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds Is the strongest and smallest of the bonds
Properties of Covalent Compounds
Melting Point- Low Boiling Point- Low States of Matter- Solids, Liquids, and Gasses Organization of Molecules in Solids- Form crystal structures but have a repeating pattern
When naming ionic compounds, if your anion was an element, what does the ending of that element's name change to?
-IDE
Prefixes
Mono: 1 Di: 2 Tri: 3 Tetra: 4 Penta: 5 Hexa: 6 Hepta: 7 Octa: 8 Nona: 9 Deca: 10
Naming the Covalent Bonds
The first element will not have a prefix unless it is greater than 2 The second element will ALWAYS have a prefix The second element's ending should be changed to -IDE
Diatomic Elements DO NOT HAVE TO ADD PREFIXES AND DONT NEED -IDE IF ALONE
F2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, H2,
What are the two types of acids
Binary Acids and Ternary Acids (Oxyacids)
Binary Acids
Two element formulas. H and an anion ex. HCl
Ternary Acids
Multiple element Formulas. H and a polyatomic ion Ex. H2CO3
When the formula begins with H
It is an Acid
Rules for naming Binary Acids
When the last elements name ends in -ide When there are two elements IT IS BINARY Begin with Hydro before the first element End in -IC instead of IDE Add Acid to the end Ex. HCl=Hydrochloric Acid Basically IDE=IC and hydro
Rules for naming Tetra Acids
When the last element's name ends in -ite Add -OUS Add Acid No Hydro Basically ITE=OUS
Ternary Acid
When the last element's name ends in -ate Add -IC Add Acid No Hydro Basically ATE=IC
How to tell the difference between Binary and Ternary
Binary is 2 ELEMENTS Ternary is MORE THAN 2 ELEMENTS
When dealing with Ternary and Terta Acids, you will need this chart. This chart also tells you whether it is -ATE or -ITE
Check Picture
When writing Formulas for Acids
DO NOT USE CRISS CROSS REDUCE
KNOW HOW TO LEWIS STRUCTURE
Rules for Lewis Structure
The Central atom is usually the one with lowest electronegativity Hydrogen is always Terminal (Never in middle) Never put dots on Hydrogen Halogens are basically always terminal (Never in middle) Oxygen is usually Terminal Carbon is ALWAYS CENTRAL
Elements from groups 2 and 13
DO NOT NEED AN OCTET AS A CENTRAL ATOM
Difference between Polar and non-polar molecules
Polar molecules have 1 or more lone pairs on the central atom and/or not all terminal atoms are the same Non-Polar Molecules have no lone pairs on the central atom and all the terminal atoms are the same (I'd recommend just knowing non-Polar and knowing that Polar is the opposite)
Linear VSEPR Shape
2 atoms bonded to the central atom 0 lone pairs on the central atom
Bent VSEPR Shape
2 atoms bonded to the central atom 2 lone pairs on the central atom
Trigonal Planer
3 atoms bonded to the central atom 0 lone pairs on the central atom
Trigonal Pyramidal
3 atoms bonded to the central atom 1 lone pair on the central atom
Tetrahedral
4 atoms bonded to the central atom 0 lone pairs on the central atom
Trigonal Pyramidal and Bent are always
POLAR
A good portion of this test will be based on whether you know how to do things like naming and drawing the Lewis structure so find some questions you can practice with
From 0.4-1.7
Polar Covalent
from 0.0-0.4
Non Polar Covalent
Non Polar Covalent meaning
Electrons are shared 50/50
Polar Covalent
Electrons in bonds are not shared equally
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