History Lecture Notes for Matura 2022

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the Matura history curriculum from ancient civilizations to the modern era, focusing on Slovenian and general European history.

Fertile Crescent

The area covering Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt where the first civilizations developed during the $5^{th}$ millennium BC.

Irigacija (Irrigation)

The process of planning and building water systems, including levees, canals, and dams, which led to the organization of states.

Ziggurats

Terraced temples in Sumerian city-states that served as administrative and religious centers.

Cuneiform

The first script invented by the Sumerians in the $4^{th}$ millennium, printed into clay tablets to collect taxes and write contracts.

Hamurabijev zakonik (Hammurabi's Code)

A Babylonian legal code based on the talion principle ($eye \text{ for an } eye$) ensuring judicial, administrative, and social order.

Hiks (Hyksos)

Semites from Asia who invaded Egypt in the $17^{th}$ century BC and introduced the horse-drawn chariot and bronze-tipped arrows.

Shadoof

A device used in Ancient Egypt to supply water to higher elevation areas for basin irrigation.

Pharaoh

The title of the Egyptian king who ruled as a despot and was worshipped as a god or a god's representative.

Linear A

The undeciphered script of the Minoan culture on the island of Crete.

Polis

A Greek city-state, typically formed around an acropolis (hilltop), acting as an independent geographical and political unit.

Hoplit (Hoplite)

A heavily armed Spartan infantry soldier equipped with a spear, sword, breastplate, helmet, and shield.

Falanga (Phalanx)

A military formation of soldiers fighting in a close, dense line developed in Sparta and refined in Macedonia.

Ostracizem (Ostracism)

A 'pottery judgment' in Athens where an individual could be exiled for $10$ years if their name appeared on $6000$ pottery shards to prevent tyranny.

Maratonsko polje (Marathon Plain)

The site where the Persian King Darius I was defeated by the Greeks under Miltiades in $490$ BC.

Delsko-atiška zveza (Delian League)

A defensive alliance founded in $478$ BC by Athens to prepare for potential future Persian attacks.

Diadohi

Military commanders following Alexander the Great who divided his empire into new states like the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms.

Fasces

A bundle of rods that Etruscan kings used as a symbol of their authority, which the Romans later adopted.

Magistrature

Honorary, unpaid high administrative positions in the Roman Republic usually lasting for $1$ year.

Latifundije (Latifundia)

Large landed estates in Rome worked by slaves, which led to the ruin of small family farms.

Pax Romana

A period of nearly $200$ years of peace beginning with Emperor Augustus ($27$ BC) that facilitated the Romanization of conquered territories.

Tetrarhija (Tetrarchy)

A system of government established by Diocletian where power was shared between $2$ Augusti and $2$ Caesars.

Limes

A fortified border belt with systems of connected fortresses and military garrisons protecting the Roman Empire from barbarian invasions.

Karantanija

The first principality in the Eastern Alps, center of the Karantanci, which existed in the $7^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ centuries AD.

Kosezi

A unique social class of personally free people in Karantanija who participated in the duke installation ceremony.

Ustoličevanje (Installation)

A three-phase Slavic ritual in Karantanija performed on the ducal stone, in the church of Maria Saal, and on the ducal chair.

Brižinski spomeniki (Freising Manuscripts)

The oldest surviving records in a Slavic language, written around the year $1000$ in Carolingian minuscule.

Majordom

The 'elder of the house' or manager of the Frankish royal court who eventually usurped political power from the Merovingian kings.

Beneficij (Fevd)

Land granted by a senior to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty.

Karolinška minuskula

A uniform calligraphic script of small letters established during the Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne.

Wormski konkordat (Concordat of Worms)

An agreement in $1122$ resolving the Investiture Controversy by separating secular installation on lands from spiritual consecration.

Hansa

The most influential association of Northern European merchant cities founded in the $13^{th}$ century.

Merkantilizem

The economic theory of the $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ centuries stating that national power is based on the accumulation of precious metals and an active trade balance.

Fiziokratizem

An economic theory criticizing mercantilism, arguing that true wealth lies in the land and agricultural production.

New Deal

The economic policy implemented by U.S. President Roosevelt to overcome the Great Depression through public works and social reforms.

Humanizem

An ideological and literary movement starting in $14^{th}$ century Italy that placed man and reason at the center of study.

95 tez (95 Theses)

A series of critical statements against the sale of indulgences posted by Martin Luther in $1517$, triggering the Reformation.

Augsburški verski mir (Religious Peace of Augsburg)

A treaty in $1555$ establishing the principle 'Cuius regio, eius religio' ($Whose \text{ realm, } his \text{ religion}$).

Konkvistadorji (Conquistadors)

Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered and colonized large parts of the Americas in the $16^{th}$ century.

Zedinjena Slovenija

A political program formulated in $1848$ demanding the unification of all Slovenian territories into a single state body and language equality.

Rapalska pogodba (Treaty of Rapallo)

A $1920$ agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia that left one-quarter of the Slovenian population under Italian rule.

AVNOJ

The Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, which established a federal structure for post-war Yugoslavia.

OZN (United Nations)

The international organization founded on $25^{th} \text{ April } 1945$ to maintain global peace, security, and cooperation.