Chemistry: Notable Chemicals

Carbohydrates (Fact 1)

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with Base Formula C(H20); their Monomers are Monosaccharides and their Polymers are Polysaccharides and come in the form of Sugars and Starches

Galactose (Fact 1)

Milk Sugar

Starch (Fact 1)

Stored Energy used for later for Plants

Glycogen (Fact 1)

Stored Energy used for later for Animals and Humans, Stored Glucose

Glucose (Fact 1)

Plant Sugar, Quick Source of Energy

Fructose (Fact 1)

Fruit Sugar

Cellulose (Fact 1)

Sugar that Makes up Plant Cell Walls

Ribose (Fact 1)

Sugar found in RNA

Deoxyribose (Fact 1)

Sugar found in DNA

Sucrose (Fact 1)

Table Sugar

Lactose (Fact 1)

Glucose + Galactose

Maltose (Fact 1)

Glucose + Glucose

Dextrose (Fact 1)

Glucose in the form of human blood

Xylose (Fact 1)

Wood Sugar

Lipids (Fact 1)

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; its monomers include Glycerol, Steroids, and Fatty Acids and its Polymers include Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Oils, and Fats

Fats and Oils (Fact 1)

Store Energy for Later Use in Humans (once sugars have been used up to be stored)

Phospholipids (Fact 1)

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group, they make up the Cell Membrane of most cells

Waxes (Fact 1)

Fatty Acid Chain + Alcohol Chain in Plants and Animals that is highly waterproof

Steroids (Fact 1)

Type of Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

Lipids (Examples)

Canola Oil, Vegetable Oil, Candle Wax, Paraffin Wax, Milk Fat, Butter Fat, Margarine Fat, Testosterone, Estrogen, Cholesterol

Proteins (Fact 1)

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen; their Monomers are Amino Acids and their Polymers are Polypeptides

Amino Acids (Fact 1)

Monomers of Proteins, they are made of a Carboxylic Acid Group, Organic Base Amine Group, and C-H or R Compound Base

Proteins (Function 1)

Forms, Grows, and Develops Bones and Muscles

Proteins (Function 2)

Regulates Cell Processes and Fights Diseases

Enzymes (Fact 1)

Type of Protein that controls the rates of Biochemical Reactions as a catalyst

Transport Proteins (Fact 1)

Allows for the passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane and permits Facilitated Diffusion of Substances in and out of cells

Collagen (Fact 1)

Protein found in the skin and connective tissue

Keratin (Fact 1)

Protein found in the hair and nails

Actin and Myosin (Fact 1)

Proteins that form the "contractile filaments" of muscle cells

Insulin (Fact 1)

Protein synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar (glucose/dextrose) levels and metabolizes Carbohydrates

Glucagon (Fact 1)

Protein synthesized by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood sugar levels if they are too low

Hemoglobin (Fact 1)

Transport Protein containing Iron that is found in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells and Transports Oxygen in Blood to cells

Immunoglobulin (Fact 1)

Protein that is an Antibody

Lactase (Fact 1)

Enzyme that breaks down Lactose

Catalase (Fact 1)

Enzyme that breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide found in all cells

Amylase (Fact 1)

Enzyme that breaks down Starches found in the Saliva

Lipase (Fact 1)

Enzyme that breaks down Lipids into Fatty Acids and Glycerol found in the Pancreas

Nucleic Acids (Fact 1)

Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus; its Monomer is the Nucleotide (Phosphate, Deoxyribose/Ribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base) and its Polymer is DNA/RNA (shape of DNA/RNA is based on nucleotide bond structures)

DNA (Fact 1)

Stores genetic information and holds instructions for making proteins

RNA (Fact 1)

Transfers genetic information, copying of DNA used to make Proteins

Myoglobin (Fact 1)

Transport Protein that transports Oxygen in Muscle

Albumin (Fact 1)

Transport Protein that transports Fatty Acids and maintains proper amount of water in blood

Lipoprotein (Fact 1)!

Soluble Transport Protein that transports Lipids and Fats in the Blood Plasma

Ferritin (Fact 1)

Protein that stores Iron in the Spleen

Hemosiderin (Fact 1)

Protein that stores Iron in the body primarily during an overload of Iron into the body

Ovalbumin (Fact 1)

Protein found in egg-white

Elastin (Fact 1)

A protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue

Ricin (Fact 1)

Protein-Poison found in the seeds of the Castor Bean Plant

Thrombin (Fact 1)

Enzyme found in Blood Plasma that causes the clotting of blood by converting Fibrinogen to Fibrin

Nucleotide (Fact 1)

Monomer of DNA or RNA that has a 5-Carbon Sugar, a Phosphate Group, and a Nitrogenous Base

Unsaturated Fats (Fact 1)

Fats with Double or Triple Bonds, changing the overall shape of the fat as a monomer or polymer, and also fats with less Hydrogen in them than their counterpart

Saturated Fats (Fact 1)

Fats with Single Bonds and more Hydrogen in them than their counterpart

Thiamine (Dietary Sources)

Found in Bread, Meat, and Milk

Thiamine (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B1, it is Water Soluble

Thiamine (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Aids Coenzymes in Metabolic Reactions

Thiamine (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Beriberi, Muscle Weakness, Peripheral Nerve Changes, Heart Failure, Edema or Swelling

Riboflavin (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B2, it is Water Soluble Riboflavin

Riboflavin (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up Coenzymes in Metabolic Reactions

Riboflavin (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Reddened Lips, Dry Lips, Eye Lesions, Eye Edema/Swells/Cuts

Niacin (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B3, it is Water Soluble

Niacin (Dietary Sources)

Found in Grains, Lean Meat, Liver, and Legumes

Niacin (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up Coenzymes in Metabolic Reactions

Niacin (Deficiency Symptoms)

Pellagra (Skin and Gastrointestinal Lesions, Cuts, Swellings) and Nervous & Mental Disorders

Pantothenic Acid (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B5, it is Water Soluble

Pantothenic Acid (Dietary Sources)

Found in Meat and Milk

Pantothenic Acid (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up Coenzyme A, which as a role in energy metabolism and respiration

Pantothenic Acid (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Fatigue, Sleep Disturbances, Impaired Coordination

Pyridoxine (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B6, it is Water Soluble

Pyridoxine (Dietary Sources)

Found in Meat, Vegetables, and Whole Grain Cereal

Pyridoxine (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up/Aids with Coenzyme in Amino Acid Metabolism

Pyridoxine (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Irritability, Convulsions, Muscular Twitching, Dermatitis, and Kidney Stones

Biotin (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B7, it is Water Soluble

Biotin (Dietary Sources)

Found in Meat, Vegetables, and Legumes

Biotin (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up/Aids Coenzyme in Amino Acid Metabolism, not Folic Acid

Biotin (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Makes up/Aids Coenzyme in Fat Synthesis

Biotin (Function in Living Organisms #3)

Aids in Glycogen Formation

Biotin (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Muscle Pains, Fatigue, Depression, Nausea, and Dermatitis

Folic Acid (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin B9, it is Water Soluble

Folic Acid (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up/Aids Coenzyme in Amino Acid Metabolism, not Biotin

Folic Acid (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Makes up/Aids Coenzyme in Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Folic Acid (Dietary Sources)

Found in Whole Wheat, Greens, and Legumes

Folic Acid (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Anemia, Gastrointestinal Disturbances, Diarrhea, Retarded Growth, and Birth Defects

Vitamin B12 (Dietary Sources)

Water Soluble Vitamin found in Meat, Dairy Products, and Eggs

Vitamin B12 (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Aids/Makes up Coenzyme in Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Vitamin B12 (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Anemia and Neurological Disorders

Choline (Dietary Sources)

Water Soluble Vitamin found in Grains, Legumes, Liver, and Egg Yolk

Choline (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Makes up Phospholipids

Choline (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Precursor to Various Neurotransmitters

Vitamin C (Dietary Sources)

Water Soluble Vitamin found in Fruits (especially oranges, lemons, and tomatoes), and Green Peppers

Vitamin C (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Aids in maintenance of Cartilage, Bone, and Dentin (hard tissues of teeth)

Vitamin C (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Involved in Collagen Synthesis

Vitamin C (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, gums, blood vessels, and/or occurrence of epithelial hemorrhages)

Retinol (Dietary Sources)

Found in Dairy Products and Green, Yellow, and Red Vegetables

Retinol (Alternative Names)

Also known as Vitamin A, it is Fat-Soluble and can come in the form of Beta-Carotene

Retinol (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Provides Visual Aid and makes up Visual Pigments

Retinol (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Aids in maintenance of Epithelial tissues

Retinol (Deficiency Symptoms)

Includes Permanent and Night Blindness

Vitamin D (Dietary Sources)

Fat Soluble Vitamin found in Dairy Products like Eggs and Milk, and Cod Liver Oil

Vitamin D (Function in Living Organisms #1)

Aids in and increases tolerance for Calcium and Calcium Absorption, thus it promotes Bone Growth and Mineralization

Vitamin D (Function in Living Organisms #2)

Aids in metabolization of Phosphorus and Phosphates