period 2 - APUSH

spain's goals for new world

1. gold

2. god

3. glory

francisco vasquez de coronado found vs not found:

found: grand cayong + native villages

not found: cibola + gold

what is cibola and who wanted to find it?

Vasquez de Coronado

one of the 7 mythical cities of gold from Merida which a. - Moors invaded, and from bishops took much of the gold and silver, and then the theory was that the gold was from the Church

name the 2 spanish explorers in southern and western modern US during 1540s

Vasquez de Coronado

Hernando DeSoto

what did hernando desoto do?

a. Explore Southeast of modern US (near modern Florida)

b. Searched for riches

c. Brutal to natives

d. Not Found: Gold

what were spain's revamped goals (after the 3 G's)

1. protection of land

2. spread christianity

how did spain protect their new land in the New World?

- (English in Caribbean attacking Spanish ships + French Protestants migrate to Florida) so Philips killing 300 French protestants

- St. Augustine

when, where, and why did St. Augustine exist? and who owned it? and its importance?

1565

purpose - protect Florida

Spain

i. First permanent European settlement in the New World

how did Spain spread christianity?

1573 Franciscan missionaries

methods of the Franciscan missionaries

i. create missions across southwest (esp. Pueblo) and

iii. try to learn their language

v. Tried to win over natives w/ clothes, silver chalice, and gold crosses

explain the relationship between Franciscan missionaries and the natives

iv. Harsh to the natives (just as bad as conquistadors):

1. Destroyed the natives religious idols

2. Tried to change their culture to Spanish

3. Whipped sinners and spirit worshippers

4. Used the natives for free labor > exploiting farming skills

goals of New France

1. Catholicism conversions

2 Furtrade

explain the New France conversion techniques:

Jesuits sent:

a. Jesuits sent - not harsh like Spanish Franciscans

i. Methods:

i. Lived among natives

ii. Tried to understand them and way of life

iii. No punishments or use of natives for free labor

result of Jesuit vs Franciscan conversions

Jesuit: Natives accepted them + large conversion amounts; yet when bad things occur, revert to old religion

Franciscan: (fear not faith) Natives feared them and returned to native faith after bad events

explain the fur trade for new france:

a. not long-term large scale settlement) > just men looking to trade (very few women and children)

b. Need the natives to be willing to trade > therefore nicer for native relations

effects of french colonization

1. Diseases killed many

2. Fur trade led to war

3. Many natives converted to Christianity

4. Positive mutually dependent relationship with natives

french exploration of New World

1. Quebec - 1608 first permanent French settlement

why did french not migrate to quebec (and new world)

- leaders didnt encourage

- feared short growing seasons

- those who left, came back

why did french leaders not encourage/ encourage the french to move to new france?

did NOT:

1. to keep military recruits in france for the war (vs england)

2. forbade protestant from migrating fear of not loyal to crown

robert de la salle

1681 french - a. traveled down Mississippi River to the Gulf, claiming the entire region for France - naming "Louisiana" after King Louis of France

goals of the new netherlands

***the dutch

1. economic trading posts

dutch exploration

1. Henry Hudson- Dutch - found + named Hudson River and set up trading posts in NY

explain new netherlands settlement

1. 1621 Dutch Government gave West India Company - charter trading company- a monopoly on establishing trading posts in America

2. Very few Dutch migrated > vulnerable to invasions >

a. Few that did were given large estates by West India but had to agree to settle at least 50 people in 4 years, but only 1 succeeded

3. New Netherlands failed as a settlement but successful in fur trade - yet Dutch vs Native, the Dutch began to concentrate on importing slaves to Brazil to work on their more profitable sugar plantation rather than the fur trade

4. British easily took dutch territory in America

why did many of englands initial colonies fail?

finances, supplies, weather

who was sir walter raleigh?

given a charter (paper w/ permission to due something by Queen Elizabeth) to establish a colony in Virgina (modern NC)

who did raleigh ask to lead the expedition? what happened when they arrived? named? what happened when he left?

john white (men, women, children to settle)

tense relationship between settlers and natives + issues with supplies, food, and weather, etc.

john white is stuck in england

what happens when john white returns to roanoke?

everyone gone + clue was on a tree and fence post with "CROATOAN" on it

after the colonial failures of the nobility (roanoke) who became leaders in colonization? (specifically first?)

merchants/ trading companies > Virginia Company

what was the virginia company

England trading company - sends 1st expedition to America (not to settle) > many men/ traders

who was the leader of the viginia company 1st expedition? what was the goal?

john smith

GOLD

where was jamestown

swampy area - Virginia

explain the starving time

when the residents of jamestown arrived, theya. immediately looked for gold, not planting food + swampy mosquitos had malaria

HIGH DEATH RATE

how did john rolfe save jamestown?

tobacco - the new cash crop

what was the 1st permanent british settlement in new world

jamestown

what was virginia comany goal?

economic game

virginina headright system

1. 1617 attract more settlers - gave 50 acres to all heads of households who settled in Virginia + additionally 50 acres for every servant they brought with them + every free man in Virginia got 100 acres of land

house of burgesses 1619

1st representative democracy in the New World filled with white male property owners who could i. levy taxes + make colonial laws

who controlled the house of burgesses with veto power?

crown of england + governor + virginia comapny

1622 attack on jamestown

natives attacked Jamestown to "end invasion" but

backfired: colonists now felt they had right to attack natives = war

how did the settlers react to the 1622 attack?

i. stole food from native cornfields

ii. further invade native territories

iii. took warriors + sold into slavery

by 1630 explain the state of jamestown

i. Virginia had flourishing tobacco economy, a local government controlled by white men with land

after 1622, who took control of jamestown from Viriginia Company, making it what? and established what church?

King James I - royal colony

anglican church

how did maryland start?

1. King Charles I gave Chesapeak Bay area to Lord Baltimore

2. Baltimore named Maryland after Charles' wife - Henrietta Maria

what could Baltimore do as head of the territory?

1. sold, wish, lease as wish + appoint publish officials, ministers + churches

explain Maryland Act of Toleration 1649 and why it existed?

it gave religious freedom to all Catholics in Maryland

why - Baltimore was Catholic and wanted Maryland tolerant of Catholics - passed

list the new england colonies

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

explain the start of the separatist faith

Persecuted in England for religious beliefs: believed Anglican Church held too many Catholic rituals and ideals > want to break from Church of England - not allowed by King

1620 Mayflower Compact

1. while on ship, sign set of rules to live by > shows agree with Bradford

leader of the separatists

William Bradford - wanted peace + order in new colony

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were people who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

who do the separatists (pilgrims) learn to cultivate the land from?

wampanoag natives

explain what happened after the first deadly winter to the pilgrims?

established a flourishing colony

why was plymouth sucessful?

a) Cooler weather than in Chesapeake > disease less an issue

b) Work ethic > fur trade, crop, homes

c) Representative government with separation of church and state > tolerant of others

explain the puritans faith

persecuted in England due to beliefs (Anglican = "too catholic"); but instead of separate from Church, they wanted to reform the church > purify it

a. Embraced John Calvins idea of predestination, but can fall out of favor

1630 migration of the puritans

Anglican church leader detested the Puritans > Puritans migrated to New World

who was the leader of the puritans?

John Winthrop - "We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill"

explain the government of the Massachusetts Bay? what were requirements to vote?

representative government, a governor, and elected assembly, theocracy (church + state = one)

free, white, male, property owning, church members

was massachusetts bay tolerant of others?

nope > PURITANS

what was the role of the puritan magistrates?

ensure dissenters of puritan faith were removed from the colony

who was roger williams? why was he removed from Massachusetts Bay?

VERY puritan man

Disagreed:

1. Theocracy > believed church and state should not be one

2. Puritans taking land from natives > believed they should purchase the land

who started Rhode Island? why?

Rodger Williams - kicked out of Massachusets Bay

Why did some Puritans leave Massachusetts?

i. Some left to escape harsh magistrates

ii. better land

explain the government of connecticut:

a. Theocracy - yet voters did not have to be Church members (still white, male, land owner)

explain who anne hutchinson was

a) believed God made revelations to individuals (rather than just clergy) > diminishes role of the clergy

b) led bible studies in her home > issue for she was a woman taking leadership position

c) kicked out of Massachusetts Bay

why were the restoration colonies called their name?

Charles II (after English civil wars after Oliver Cromwell who was successful in getting throne for the monarchy yet owes people for helping) gave land in New World to pay off his debts (restoration!)

list the restoration colonies

NY, NJ, Penn

whom was was new york given to (and by whom)

Charles II brother - James Duke of York

Charles II

whom was was new jersey given to (and by whom)

2 aristocrats

Charles II

whom was was pennsylvania given to (and by whom)

William Penn (pay off Penn's fathers debt)

Charles II

explain who William Penn was? what was his plan?

- Quaker

Plan: make safe haven for quakers persecuted in England/Massachusetts:

explain why quakers were persecuted in England:

a. Who didn't serve in army/ pay for church

explain Pennsylvania government

a. All white male landowners could vote

b. Gave religious freedom to all Christians

why was the population of Pennsylvania diverse?

Land sold cheap + long growing season

GERMAN< DUTCH, BRITISH

Charles II gave the carolinas to whom?

wealthy aristocrats

what did the proprioters want for the carolinas?

a. Manorial system: few wealthy and mostly serfs in exchange for protection and tied to the land

what actually happened to north and south carolina instead of the manorial system?

i. North Carolina: poor Virigna families came raising tobacco and grain

ii. South Carolina: white settlers made large plantations with African slaves with cattle + crops to west indies

explain the purpose of the establisment of georgia?

1. Established as refuge for Britan's poor (those in debt to government)

2. Sent to Gerogia instead of prison

what was the goal for georgia?

a. Small farms worked by independent land owners and white indentured servants

b. Small land grants

Slavery outlawed (for time)

what was the conflict created between England's ownership of Georgia with spain?

a. Both claimed Georgia: British movement to Georgia made the territorial conflict and the Spainish claimed Georgia as theirs

explain the buffer that georgia offered?

buffer between Spanish and Florida and prosperous south Carolina > made Spain angry who had bought many English items

1738 War of Jenkin's Ear

a. Spanish naval forces began by cutting ear of Robert Jenkin's, an English sea captain, because larger war of Austrian sucession, ending with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapple

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapple

gave the English Georgia + British gained 13th colony; while Spain lost Georgia

what was the foundation of the economy of the chesapeake colonies?

tobacco

by 1620s, what had many English become addicted to?

to tobacco - the nicotine-

who disliked the growing English addiction to nicotine/tobacco?

condemned the use of tobacco (but still allowed to cultivate/export bc its a chas crop)

explain the economic boom in chesapeake and why it occured?

- high demand for tobacco

-migrants moved in by 1000s to get rich

- planters began to establish plantations

what are the two forms of unfree labor for working the plantations?

1. indentured servants

2. african americans

explain the life of indentured servants

- typically peasants from england

- seek better life/home/ food in new world

- agree to work 5-7 hope to be free

- work long time

- get freeed, but still poor > go back to servitude

- worsened life

who made indentured servant contracts

sea captains + merchants --> sell to plantation owners

why were indentured servants great investments for plantation owners

1. produced enough tobacco to surpass cost

2. head right system = extra 50 acre per servant = more land = more tobacco = more $$$

how did plantation masters treat indentured servants

1. beaten for bad behavior

2. i. increase their term for service if ran away + caught; or pregnant

3. i. women servants sexually abused by masters/ male servants

did men or women fair better after indentured servitude?

men: to become free after service, but half of men die before receive their freedom and those with freedom largely remained poor

WOMEN: married to welathy

1619 first import of enslaved Africans to British colonies went where?

Jamestown

what did english law say about chattel slavery?

humans as property slavery - not addressed by English law - gray area

colonial laws on africans

i. Could not own Guns

ii. Could not join military

iii. Could not earn way out of servitude

iv. permanent status

Navigation Acts (Parliament began passing Navigation Acts in the 1650s

gave England control of goods exported/imported into the colonies

purpose of the navigation acts

a. ensure that only the mother country was the only one benefiting from its colonies

b. ensure England was maximizing its profits

due to navigation acts, colonies could only import/export goods in British ships - what did this cause? what loop hole?

1. cut back foreign trade

2. loop hole - colonial MADE ships are British ships > can still trade foreign

due to navigation acts, certain goods (tobacco) could only be sent to england? what did this cause

1. loss of trade in foreign markert

2. high english tariff > higher tobacco prices = lower domand = cut profits

who was the dominant force (economic and political) in Virginia?

elite landlords (planters) and merchants