SCOTUS Comparison - Obergefell v. Hodges

SCOTUS Comparison - Obergefell v. Hodges

In Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether the Fourteenth Amendment requires states to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-state. The plaintiffs argued that the states' bans on same-sex marriage and refusal to recognize legal marriages performed in other jurisdictions violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of equal protection and due process. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, holding that the right to marry is a fundamental right inherent in the liberty of the person, and under the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, same-sex couples may not be deprived of that right and liberty. Compare Obergefell v. Hodges to Brown v. Board of Education.

Hard
4 Points

Part A

Identify the civil liberty that is common to both Obergefell v. Hodges and Brown v. Board of Education.

Your Response

Part B

Explain how the reasoning in Obergefell v. Hodges and Brown v. Board of Education led to similar rulings.

Your Response

Part C

Explain how those unhappy with the ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges can use a constitutional process to limit its impact.

Your Response

More AP United States Government and Politics Free Response Questions

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  • Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy (27)
  • Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government (126)
  • Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights (47)
  • Unit 4: American Political Ideologies and Beliefs (5)
  • Unit 5: Political Participation (45)
Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy

A movement targets the states first

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Extreme

A state refuses a federal education initiative

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Executive Order and State Resistance

Use the scenario to answer the parts that follow.

Easy

Federalism and National Policy Implementation

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which federalism promotes or undermines effective policymaking in the United States.

Medium

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

Using the case of Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, compare the Court’s reasoning in that case with the reasoning in United States v. Lopez.

Hard

National Authority vs. State Autonomy in Election Administration

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should have greater authority than state governments over the administration of elections.

Extreme

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

Using the information provided, compare National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius to United States v. Lopez.

Easy

National Government Power vs. State Autonomy

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the expansion of national government power has advanced or undermined constitutional principles in the United States.

Easy

National Institutions and Policy Effectiveness

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the structure of U.S. national institutions promotes or hinders effective policymaking.

Easy

National Power and Federalism

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the expansion of national power promotes or undermines effective American government.

Extreme

Presidential Executive Order Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Presidential Military Action Debate

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Printz v. United States

Using the information in the passage, compare Printz v. United States to McCulloch v. Maryland.

Hard

State abortion restrictions

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Easy

State attorney general challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part in complete sentences and use specific details from the scenario.

Easy

State Attorney General Challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Hard

State attorney general challenges federal education policy

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Hard

State Attorney General Lawsuit

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

State Climate Pact

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

State emissions challenge

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

State Environmental Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

State immigration challenge

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Easy

State Immigration Suit

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

State lawsuit over environmental regulation

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the scenario and your knowledge of AP United States Government and Politics.

Extreme

State Lawsuit Over Immigration Order

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

State Marijuana Conflict

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

State Marijuana Legalization Conflict

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme
Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government

A committee chair and defense policy oversight

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

A president governs with the opposition controlling Congress

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

A senator delays a voting rights bill

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Extreme

Agency Rule Challenge

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Agenda Control in the Senate

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Bureaucratic Accountability and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal bureaucracy promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Medium

Bureaucratic Accountability and Presidential Control

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which increased presidential control of the federal bureaucracy promotes or undermines democratic accountability.

Medium

Bureaucratic Discretion and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which bureaucratic discretion promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States political system.

Extreme

Bureaucratic Discretion and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which bureaucratic discretion promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Extreme

Bureaucratic Discretion and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which bureaucratic discretion promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States government.

Easy

Bureaucratic Discretion and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which bureaucratic discretion promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States political system.

Hard

Bureaucratic discretion during disaster relief

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

Bureaucratic Rulemaking and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal bureaucracy promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Hard

Bureaucratic Rulemaking and Interest Groups

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Bureaucratic rulemaking and oversight

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to Parts A, B, and C using relevant evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Bureaucratic Rulemaking Challenge

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Bureaucratic Rulemaking Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation described.

Hard

Bureaucratic Rulemaking Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Hard

Bureaucratic Rulemaking Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part with specific reference to the situation described.

Hard

Bureaucratic rulemaking fight

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Bureaucratic Rulemaking Fight

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Extreme

Civil rights complaint over district lines

Use the scenario to answer the following questions.

Extreme

Committee bottleneck

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Committee hearing after an agency failure

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to Parts A, B, and C using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Committee Hearing and Bureaucratic Oversight

Use the scenario to answer the parts that follow.

Easy

Committee Hearing and Oversight Clash

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Easy

Committee Hearing Pressure

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Committee investigation dispute

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Easy

Confirmation Clash

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Congressional Budget Standoff

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Congressional Oversight Hearing

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Easy

Court Limits Agency Action

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Divided Government and Budget Negotiations

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Divided Government Budget Clash

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Executive Order and Bureaucracy

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Easy

Executive Order and Bureaucracy

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Federal Bureaucracy Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal bureaucracy promotes or undermines democratic accountability.

Hard

Federal Spending by Category, Fiscal Year 2022

The table below shows major categories of United States federal government outlays in fiscal year 2022. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

House Committee Agenda Control

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Extreme

House Committee Oversight Investigation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

House District Mapping Dispute

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

House Leadership and Committee Gatekeeping

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Independent redistricting changes representation

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Hard

Judicial Nomination Conflict

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation described.

Hard

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which judicial review promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Medium

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States political system.

Hard

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which judicial review promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Extreme

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which judicial review promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States political system.

Extreme

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review strengthens or weakens democratic governance in the United States.

Easy

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which judicial review promotes or undermines democratic accountability in the United States.

Hard

Judicial Review and Democratic Accountability

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Easy

Judicial Review and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Medium

Judicial Review and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Easy

Judicial Review and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Extreme

Judicial Review and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Extreme

Judicial Review and Democratic Governance

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the power of judicial review promotes or undermines democratic governance in the United States.

Easy

Judicial Review and Democratic Government

Develop an argument that takes a position on whether the power of judicial review strengthens or weakens American democracy.

Hard

Judicial Review and Democratic Government

Develop an argument that takes a position on whether the power of judicial review strengthens or weakens American democracy.

Hard

Party Polarization and Redistricting

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Party Polarization in Congress

The table below shows ideological scores for the median Democrat and median Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives in selected years. Higher positive scores indicate greater conservatism, and lower negative scores indicate greater liberalism. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Party Polarization in Congressional Voting

The table below shows ideological differences in congressional voting by party in selected years. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

Presidential Approval and Mandate Claims

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Presidential Approval and Midterm Seat Change

The table below shows presidential job approval ratings shortly before midterm elections and the president’s party’s net change in U.S. House seats in those elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Presidential Approval and the Bully Pulpit

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Climate Order

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Tie each response to the constitutional and institutional details in the prompt.

Extreme

Presidential directive and judicial review

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Easy

Presidential Executive Order Challenge

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Presidential Executive Order Challenge

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Executive Order Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Messaging

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Presidential Recognition of a Foreign Government

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Response to Economic Downturn

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Presidential Signing Statement

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Presidential Signing Statement

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Signing Statement

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential Signing Statement and the Courts

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Presidential signing statement dispute

Use the scenario to answer the following parts.

Easy

Presidential Signing Statement Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Presidential student debt action

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Easy

Presidential Use of Vetoes, 1977–2023

The table below contains data on regular vetoes and veto overrides during selected presidential administrations. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard

Primary Challenge Campaign

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Primary Challenge to an Incumbent

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Redistricting Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

Redistricting fight after the census

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to Parts A, B, and C using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Representation in the House and Population per Representative

The table below shows the population and number of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives for selected states after the 2020 reapportionment. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Representation of Women in Congress

The table below shows the number of women serving in the U.S. Congress in selected years. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

Senate Confirmation and Ideological Balance

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Senate Delay on a Judicial Nomination

Use the scenario to answer the parts that follow.

Easy

Senate delay on judicial nominee

Use the scenario to answer the following questions.

Extreme

Senate Delay on Judicial Nominee

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Senate Delay on Judicial Nominee

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Be sure to apply your answers directly to the institutions and events described.

Extreme

Senate Filibuster and Judicial Confirmation

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Senate Filibuster and Voting Rights Bill

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Senate Filibuster Conflict

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Hard

Senate Filibuster Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Senate Filibuster Fight

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Senate Filibuster on Voting Legislation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Senate Filibuster on Voting Legislation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Senate floor delay

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Senate Gridlock on Judicial Nominations

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Senate minority blocks a voting bill

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Hard

Senate supermajority and a stalled bill

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Senate Voting Rights Debate

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Senate Voting Rights Stalemate

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Senate Voting Rights Stalemate

Use the scenario to answer all parts. In your response, connect the legislative conflict to congressional procedures and their consequences.

Extreme

Senate Voting Rule and Legislation

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

Senate Voting Standoff

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

State AG lawsuit over federal environmental rule

Use the scenario to answer the following questions about institutions and public policy.

Extreme

State challenge to a federal immigration order

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

State limits on partisan gerrymandering

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

Supreme Court Cases Decided by Ideological Direction

The table below shows the number of Supreme Court cases decided in liberal and conservative directions in selected terms. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

Supreme Court Decisions on Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Cases, 2010–2022

The table below shows the number of Supreme Court merits decisions in selected terms involving civil liberties and civil rights. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard

Supreme Court Nomination Fight

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Voting Rule Challenge and Equal Protection

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

War Powers and Congressional Response

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

War Powers and Executive Action

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

War Powers and Military Action

Use the scenario to answer the parts that follow.

Easy

War Powers and Presidential Action

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

War Powers Conflict

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

War Powers Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

War Powers Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

War powers dispute after military strikes

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation.

Extreme

War Powers Resolution Conflict

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

War Powers Resolution Dispute

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Whistleblower complaint and congressional inquiry

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

Women in the U.S. Congress, 1991–2023

The table below shows the number of women serving in the United States Congress in selected years. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard
Unit 3: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

Advocacy Group Challenges State Speech Law

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Advocacy group presses for expanded gun rights

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation.

Extreme

Amicus Brief Campaign

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Balancing Individual Rights and National Security

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of individual civil liberties.

Medium

Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Easy

Brandenburg v. Ohio

Using the information in the passage, compare Brandenburg v. Ohio to Schenck v. United States.

Hard

Campus Search Challenge

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Campus Speech Litigation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Civil liberties at school

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Civil Liberties in Schools

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

Civil Rights March and Federal Legislation

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Your responses should connect political action to institutional outcomes.

Extreme

Court Challenge to Search of Cell Phone

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Court strikes down a state firearm restriction

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Hard

District of Columbia v. Heller

Using the case of District of Columbia v. Heller, compare the Supreme Court’s reasoning in that case with the reasoning in McDonald v. Chicago.

Easy

Fourth Amendment and Digital Privacy

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Gun regulation and local enforcement

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Interest group litigation campaign

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Easy

Korematsu v. United States

Using the case of Korematsu v. United States, compare the Supreme Court’s decision in this case with the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

Extreme

Mapp v. Ohio

Using the case of Mapp v. Ohio, compare the Supreme Court’s decision in this case with the Supreme Court’s decision in Gideon v. Wainwright.

Extreme

Mapp v. Ohio

Using the information in the provided case background, compare Mapp v. Ohio to Gideon v. Wainwright.

Easy

Mapp v. Ohio

Using the information in the passage, compare Mapp v. Ohio to Gideon v. Wainwright.

Easy

Morse v. Frederick

Using the case of Morse v. Frederick, compare the Supreme Court’s decision in this case with the Supreme Court’s decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.

Extreme

Morse v. Frederick

Using the case of Morse v. Frederick, compare the Supreme Court’s reasoning in that case with the reasoning in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.

Easy

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Medium

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over civil liberties.

Medium

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Hard

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Medium

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over civil liberties.

Extreme

National Security and Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Medium

National Security Leak Investigation

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

National Security vs. Civil Liberties

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the federal government should prioritize national security over the protection of civil liberties.

Extreme

Obergefell v. Hodges

Using the information in the case description, compare Obergefell v. Hodges to Roe v. Wade.

Extreme

Online Speech Challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation.

Extreme

School Board Religious Display

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

School Prayer and Selective Incorporation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

School Prayer Social Media Case

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Selective Incorporation and Criminal Procedure

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Selective Incorporation and Student Speech

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Extreme

Selective Incorporation and Student Speech

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

Selective Incorporation Challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Hard

State gun regulation challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

State Voting Rules and Equal Protection Challenge

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Student Journalists and Prior Restraint

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Student speech dispute at a public school

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to Parts A, B, and C using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Texas v. Johnson

Using the case of Texas v. Johnson, compare the Supreme Court’s reasoning in that case with the reasoning in Schenck v. United States.

Easy

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

Using the information in the case description, compare West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette to Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.

Extreme

West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette

Using the case of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, compare the Supreme Court’s decision in this case with the Supreme Court’s decision in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.

Extreme
Unit 5: Political Participation

A civil liberties group files suit over phone searches

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

A rights organization enters a court case

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Hard

Advocacy Group and the Courts

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

An agency, an industry, and a farm subsidy program

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Campaign advertising by an outside group

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Hard

Campaign Finance and Independent Spending

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Campaign Finance Regulation

Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which campaign finance regulation strengthens or weakens democratic representation in the United States.

Medium

Campaign Money and Independent Ads

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Campaign Spending and PAC Activity

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Campaign Spending by an Independent Group

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Campaign spending challenge

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Apply constitutional and campaign-finance concepts to the facts provided.

Hard

Electoral College battleground focus

Use the scenario to answer the following parts.

Easy

Electoral College Campaign Strategy

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Electoral College Strategy Shift

Use the scenario to answer all parts. In your response, apply concepts about elections, institutions, and political behavior.

Extreme

Interest group campaign for a floor vote

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to Parts A, B, and C using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Interest group court strategy

Use the scenario to answer the following parts.

Easy

Interest Group Court Strategy

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

Interest Group Court Strategy

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

Interest Group Health Campaign

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Extreme

Interest Group Lawsuit

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Interest Group Litigation Campaign

Use the scenario to answer all parts. In your response, apply concepts about political participation and linkage institutions.

Extreme

Interest Group Litigation Campaign

Use the scenario to answer all parts. Respond to each part using specific evidence from the situation described.

Extreme

Interest Group Litigation Strategy

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Easy

Media Coverage and Public Knowledge

Use the scenario to answer the three parts that follow.

Hard

Media framing and presidential approval

Use the scenario to answer all parts that follow.

Extreme

National Convention Platform Dispute

Use the scenario to answer parts A, B, and C.

Hard

National media and presidential agenda setting

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy

National Party Convention Strategy

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Easy

National Party Platform Conflict

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Nationalization of a Senate race

Use the scenario to answer the following questions.

Extreme

Political Action Committee Spending

Use the scenario to answer all parts.

Easy

Political Parties and Democratic Representation

Develop an argument that takes a position on whether political parties strengthen or weaken democratic representation in the United States.

Hard

Presidential Approval and Congressional Seat Change, 1974–2022

The table below contains data on presidential job approval shortly before midterm elections and the number of U.S. House seats won or lost by the president’s party. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard

Presidential Primary Momentum

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Hard

Social Movement and Policy Agenda

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

State Voter ID Dispute

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Extreme

Ticket Splitting in Senate and Presidential Elections

The table below shows the number of states in which voters chose one party for president and the other party for U.S. Senate in the same election year. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Voter Turnout by Age Group in U.S. Presidential Elections, 2008–2020

The table below shows reported voter turnout rates among U.S. citizens by age group in selected presidential election years. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

Voter Turnout by Age Group, 2016 and 2020

The table below presents voter turnout rates by age group in the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Voter Turnout by Age in Recent Presidential Elections

The table below reports voter turnout rates by age group in recent presidential elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard

Voter Turnout by Age in Recent Presidential Elections

The table below shows voter turnout rates by age group in U.S. presidential elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Hard

Voter Turnout by Age in Recent Presidential Elections

The table below shows voter turnout rates by age group in recent U.S. presidential elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Extreme

Voter Turnout in Recent Presidential Elections

The table below shows voter turnout rates among selected demographic groups in U.S. presidential elections. Use the data in the table to respond to the following.

Easy

Voting Rules Litigation

Use the scenario to answer Parts A, B, and C.

Easy

Youth voting coalition and digital mobilization

Use the scenario to answer all parts below.

Easy