Studied by 14 peopleshift in industrial revolution
working from home to factories, and handmade to machine made
two classes (start of industrial revolution)
rich and poor
rich class called
old regime
why did the rich stay rich and poor stayed poor
old regime passed any taxes down to the poor so their was no chance of social class change
what was the currency?
land (passed down through generations
example of aristocratic privilege
hunting - only rich could hunt because they were the ones who owned the land even though the poor needed the food and money more.
what did the nobels do
military and gov. (poor had no power or say)
peter tried to fix social classes:
table of ranks
Table of Ranks
created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on how much you serve and help the country (FAILED)
Lowerclass
worked on farms, laborors
effects of the french revolution
Middle class (bourgeoisie) rose in power and started to establish
what percent of people were lower class (before french revolution)
90%
agriculture revolution
Changes in farming methods Changes in farming ideas New technology
crop rotation
instead of using a field once a year for one thing, use it all four seasons for diff. crops
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating a bunch of little pieces of land into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
seed drill
machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows
John Deere
Invented the steel plow
more food equals??
more people
what were farmers able to do when they had more food
gain profit and be able to sell food
Enclosement Movement
machines meant less jobs, lead people into cities
products being produced in factories
textiles
skilled labor
needed prior knollage/schooling
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
easier trade, water power, stable climate, greater pop (more jobs), had coal, more markets
reasons why it was bad to live in England:
really bad sanitation, huge population, air pollution.
why did the english make gin? and who made it?
because it was against France, and anyone can make alcohol
middle class:
biggest class, did not like upper or lower class, worked very hard (economic growth), no say in gov or voting
where did the middle class live?
outskirts of cities, expanding them
what was the middle class called?
bourgeoisie
urban/bread riots:
food prices increased and their wasnt a lot of it (famine) over 300 riots erupted over france but it did not work.
jewish and other minorities
seperated from the city, lived in ghettos that you can still see today, specifically in Paris
transatlantic economy
the trade, slaves, and/or money that is transported between
first phase of early exploration and conquest,
central american conquest, columbus and de gamas, wealth for habsbergs increased a LOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
colombus
italian exploror that was sponsierd by spain in order to find better trade routs to india, ended up stumbiling apon the americas.
vasco de gamas
pourtugese explorer, first erpson to find india by sea, made new trade routs to india.
what contries were involved in first phase?
england (not a lot), spain and portugal.
second stage of exploration and conquest
extended to north america, more colonization, more slavery (for economic gain), and larger navys
house of loards
higher house, only group of 400
house of commons
less high of a house, but has more influence because its easier to assess
what contries were involved in second stage of exploration and conquest?
netherlands england and france (along with portugal and spain)
similarities between two exploration and conquest stages
Continued warfare against Indigeonus people Colonies are being set up for economic gain Looking for gold is a factor
mercantilism
fixed amount of wealth (presious metals) so contries needed as much as possible. no fixed national currency
adam smith
associate with mercantilsm
colonies
peices of land owned by european nations that gave money and resources to them.
second treaty of paris
gives americans independance
triangle trade
from england to africa weapons were transported, from africa to america slaves were captured and transported (fourcfully), and then from america back to europe natural resources and money was transported
social hierarchy
Rich, white, born in europe, men were at the top of people, called peninsulares, (People born on iberian peninsula (spain and portugal)) White people, born in western hemisphere, (called creoles) Below them are people of mixed race Below everyone was slaves
first and second passage
first was slaves coming from africa, and then second was from western hemesphere with sugar, tabacco, etc.
cotton gin
the machine that removed cotton seeds from cotton, made it so there could be more feilds.
war of Austrian succession
france+prussa and GB+ austria. started becuase marie thriesa was new and 'weak' and france and prussia wanted habsbergs to take over. ended that prussia kept seleria and marie keeps thrown.
war of jenkins ear
spainish were checking ships, there was a fight and jenkins ear got cut off, spain and english foght.
pragmatic sanction
agreement that habsbergs would keep rulling and not challenge the thrown (did not work)
seven years war
alliences switch, austria+france, prussia+GB. started bc there was a lot of tension between contries. was a world war.
treaty of westminster
prussia and great britain because they were afraid of france attacking hanover
diplomatic revolution
allieships change GB+P and F+P
treaty of paris
ended seven years war, france gave up all teritorys in north america
ohio
Pitt wanted to extend british influence from ohio river to mississippi river A lot of the british military is supporting prussians financialy bit the troops are fighting in north america nad some others in asia
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