Chem

Name the 7 diatomic ions

(H)- hydrogen

(N)- Nitrogen

(O)- oxygen

(F)-Fluorine

(Cl)- Chlorine

(Br)-Bromine

(I)-Iodine

hydroxide

OH-

Nitrate

NO3-

Carbonate

CO32-

Hydrogen carbonate

HCO3-

Ethanoate

CH3COO-

Sulphate

SO42-

Phosphate

PO43-

Ammonium

NH4+

copper (II) ion

Cu2+

Copper (I)

Cu+

Iron (II) ion

Fe2+

Iron (III)

Fe3+

Name the formulas in stoichiometry

Mole

**A mole of a substance is the amount that contains the same number of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.**

Avogadro’s number

12 g of carbon-12 contains, **6.02x10^23 (How many atoms are there? Number of particles)**

How do you get dm^3 from cm^3

divide cm by 1000 to get dm

Zinc

Zn2+

Common acids

Hydrochloric acid- HCl

Sulfuric acid- H2SO4

Nitric acid- HNO3

Ethanoic acid- CH3C00H

Common Alkalis

Sodium Hydroxide- NaOH

Potassium hydroxide- KOH

Calcium hydroxide- Ca (OH)2

Ammonia- NH3

Strong acids

Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, Nitric acid

Weak acids

Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Citric acid

Strong alkali

Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide

Weak alkali

Ammonia solution

What is always produced when acids react with metals, bases, or carbonates

Salt

What is a neutralisation reaction

Reaction with acid that gives water and salt

what is neutralised in a neutralisation reaction, and which reactions are considered neutralisation reactions

The acid, Reactions of bases and carbonates with acids

What are the typical acid reactions

Acid+metal→Salt+ hydrogen

Acid+base→Salt+Water

Acid+carbonate→Salt+water+carbon dioxide

Effect of acid on litmus paper?

Acid turns litmus red

Properties of alkalis

Also must be handled carefully, pure alkalis are solid but used in lab as aqueous solutions (except ammonia which is a gas). Alkalis are bases soluble in water.

What are indicators

Shows wether something is an acid or base through colour change

Neutral substances

Not an acid or a base, pH of 7, for example water

pH for acids and bases?

Under 7 is an acid. Over 7 is a base

Universal indicator paper

Can be used to find the pH of any solution. Mixture of dyes, can be used as a solution or a paper strip, Colour will change with pH.

What do acids produce

Hydrogen ions

What do acids contain

Hydrogen ions that gives the acidity

What happens with strong acids

All molecules become ions, therefore conduct better because more ions are present, lower pH as there are more hydrogen ions present.

What happens with weak acids

Less than 100% of molecules become ions, so conduct worse with less ions and have a higher pH as there are less hydrogen ions present

What do alkalis produce

Hydroxide ions

What do alkali solutions contain

Hydroxide ions

What happens with strong alkalis

High conductivity because all molecules become ions, so more ions present, and higher pH as there are more hydroxide ions present

What happens with weak alkalis

Lower conductivity because not all molecules become ions, so there is a lower concentration of ions, so less conductivity, pH is lower as there are less hydroxide ions.

Why are ions good conductors

Because they are able to move freely

What is an ionic equation

Best way to show what is going on in a neutralisation reaction

What are the three steps in writing a net ionic equation

1\. Write down all ions and charges present in the equation


2. Cross out any ions that appear unchanged, on both sides of the equation. These are called spectator ions, they do not take part in the reaction
3. You are left with the ionic equation for the reaction

Which is proton donor and which is proton acceptor

Acid is a proton donor and alkali is a proton acceptor, H gives a proton to OH to form H2O

Only seperate this in ionic equations

AQ substances that are not polyatomic, solids that are ionic

Potassium oxide

K2O

Name the 4 acid and metal reactions

Acid+metal→salt+hydrogen gas

Acid+Metal oxide→ salt+water

Acid +metal hydroxide→ Salt+ water

Hydrogen flouride

HF

Potassium carbonate

K(CO3)2

Phosphoric acid

H3PO4

Magnesium hydroxide

Mg(OH)2

Lithium oxide

Li2O

How to write dissolution reaction

Take out what makes it a base or an acid and balance the rest together

When looking at molar mass

Only account for the subscripts when calculating

What stays together and what doesn’t

covalent stays together (H2O, CO2, NH3)

Base and water equation we need to know

NH3+H2O → NH4+ + OH-

CO3 charge

\-2

When it asks to show something dissolving in water, except for NH3 which you just do a reaction with water

Just split it up

Covalent bonds and ionic bonds

Non- metal Nonmetal, metal nonmetal