Name the 7 diatomic ions
(H)- hydrogen
(N)- Nitrogen
(O)- oxygen
(F)-Fluorine
(Cl)- Chlorine
(Br)-Bromine
(I)-Iodine
hydroxide
OH-
Nitrate
NO3-
Carbonate
CO32-
Hydrogen carbonate
HCO3-
Ethanoate
CH3COO-
Sulphate
SO42-
Phosphate
PO43-
Ammonium
NH4+
copper (II) ion
Cu2+
Copper (I)
Cu+
Iron (II) ion
Fe2+
Iron (III)
Fe3+
Name the formulas in stoichiometry
Mole
A mole of a substance is the amount that contains the same number of units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Avogadro’s number
12 g of carbon-12 contains, 6.02x10^23 (How many atoms are there? Number of particles)
How do you get dm^3 from cm^3
divide cm by 1000 to get dm
Zinc
Zn2+
Common acids
Hydrochloric acid- HCl
Sulfuric acid- H2SO4
Nitric acid- HNO3
Ethanoic acid- CH3C00H
Common Alkalis
Sodium Hydroxide- NaOH
Potassium hydroxide- KOH
Calcium hydroxide- Ca (OH)2
Ammonia- NH3
Strong acids
Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, Nitric acid
Weak acids
Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Citric acid
Strong alkali
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
Weak alkali
Ammonia solution
What is always produced when acids react with metals, bases, or carbonates
Salt
What is a neutralisation reaction
Reaction with acid that gives water and salt
what is neutralised in a neutralisation reaction, and which reactions are considered neutralisation reactions
The acid, Reactions of bases and carbonates with acids
What are the typical acid reactions
Acid+metal→Salt+ hydrogen
Acid+base→Salt+Water
Acid+carbonate→Salt+water+carbon dioxide
Effect of acid on litmus paper?
Acid turns litmus red
Properties of alkalis
Also must be handled carefully, pure alkalis are solid but used in lab as aqueous solutions (except ammonia which is a gas). Alkalis are bases soluble in water.
What are indicators
Shows wether something is an acid or base through colour change
Neutral substances
Not an acid or a base, pH of 7, for example water
pH for acids and bases?
Under 7 is an acid. Over 7 is a base
Universal indicator paper
Can be used to find the pH of any solution. Mixture of dyes, can be used as a solution or a paper strip, Colour will change with pH.
What do acids produce
Hydrogen ions
What do acids contain
Hydrogen ions that gives the acidity
What happens with strong acids
All molecules become ions, therefore conduct better because more ions are present, lower pH as there are more hydrogen ions present.
What happens with weak acids
Less than 100% of molecules become ions, so conduct worse with less ions and have a higher pH as there are less hydrogen ions present
What do alkalis produce
Hydroxide ions
What do alkali solutions contain
Hydroxide ions
What happens with strong alkalis
High conductivity because all molecules become ions, so more ions present, and higher pH as there are more hydroxide ions present
What happens with weak alkalis
Lower conductivity because not all molecules become ions, so there is a lower concentration of ions, so less conductivity, pH is lower as there are less hydroxide ions.
Why are ions good conductors
Because they are able to move freely
What is an ionic equation
Best way to show what is going on in a neutralisation reaction
What are the three steps in writing a net ionic equation
1. Write down all ions and charges present in the equation
Cross out any ions that appear unchanged, on both sides of the equation. These are called spectator ions, they do not take part in the reaction
You are left with the ionic equation for the reaction
Which is proton donor and which is proton acceptor
Acid is a proton donor and alkali is a proton acceptor, H gives a proton to OH to form H2O
Only seperate this in ionic equations
AQ substances that are not polyatomic, solids that are ionic
Potassium oxide
K2O
Name the 4 acid and metal reactions
Acid+metal→salt+hydrogen gas
Acid+Metal oxide→ salt+water
Acid +metal hydroxide→ Salt+ water
Hydrogen flouride
HF
Potassium carbonate
K(CO3)2
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
Magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
Lithium oxide
Li2O
How to write dissolution reaction
Take out what makes it a base or an acid and balance the rest together
When looking at molar mass
Only account for the subscripts when calculating
What stays together and what doesn’t
covalent stays together (H2O, CO2, NH3)
Base and water equation we need to know
NH3+H2O → NH4+ + OH-
CO3 charge
-2
When it asks to show something dissolving in water, except for NH3 which you just do a reaction with water
Just split it up
Covalent bonds and ionic bonds
Non- metal Nonmetal, metal nonmetal